Character Analysis Of Toni Morrisons Beloved - 926 Words

Are capable of saying that you know what it feels like to be dehumanized? To be made a fool? To be scared of each passing day? Beloved is a story written by Toni Morrison about the hardships that lead the protagonist, Sethe, to kill her own daughter, who would later come back from the grave. Sethe is a middle-aged, former slave who has experienced the cruelest, most unjust torment in her life – slavery. She escaped this barbaric life, but when the chance of being taken away comes back, she has to murder her own daughter to save her. Through close examination of the book, movie, and many other character analysis, it is very clear that Sethe suffers from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and bases her actions on her experiences. In†¦show more content†¦He compares it to a chokeberry tree. Secondly, the way that Sethe’s milk was taken by her handlers in Sweet Home is another way to prove that her experiences were a large factor to her stress disorder. Whenever they did that, they made her vulnerable. She had no choice but to let them do that, because had she fought back in any way she would have died. If they were willing to do that to a sad, defenseless slave, then where did it stop? Finally, my thesis is unquestionably conveyed through this evidence. Agreed, she had to deal with the many years of slavery, but these moments were what made Sethe go over he mental breaking stage. The moments that made her feel frail and defenseless; they shaped her into the woman she became, and lead her to kill Beloved so she would never have to suffer like Sethe did. Lastly, in the book, her family is both her greatest strength, and her most obvious weakness. From Paul D. to her sons, Denver, and Beloved, they all shared a part in her culpability, neglectful nature, and inevitable downfall. To start, the next piece of evidence is that of Sethe’s sons. At the beginning of the story, they ran away from home to escape the ghost that haunts their house. That ghost is the sons’ own sister, Beloved. The next and final piece of evidence presented is the nature and history of her daughter, Beloved. When she arrived, it was an omen of ill times. Sethe invested her time, fortune,Show MoreRelatedBeloved: Critique with New Historicism1749 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel written by Toni Morrison and published in 1987. The story follows Sethe as she attempts to make peace with her present (for her, post Civil War America) and her past as a former slave and the atrocities she suffered at the hands of the benevol ent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, asRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 20, 2015 Beloved: A reconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in which we are presented with the history of each of the characters lives and the memoriesRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And The Ghosts Of Slavery : Historical Recovery1691 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel Beloved, Toni Morrison develops character Beloved as an allegorical figure to embody slavery’s horrific past and the lasting impact that unresolved past trauma has upon the present. Morrison develops the character Beloved to represent all the unremembered and untold stories of slavery and to further the message that we must maintain a collective memory of slavery in order to pursue a hopeful future. Morrison develops Belo ved as a character through her interactions with other characters in theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Bluest Eye1555 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a victim of sexual assault but also, the punishment of the offender. Toni Morrison, The author of The Bluest Eye, a victim of segregation, deals with sexual assault and segregation in her book. Chole Anthony Wofford, who goes by the name of Toni Morrison when writing her books, was born in Lorain, Ohio on February 18, 1931. Her father had several jobs to support their family, while her mother worked as a domestic worker. Toni lived in an integrated neighborhood. However, she did not become awareRead MoreTwo Contrasting Views of Slavery in Literature: Beloved and American Negro Slavery2068 Words   |  9 PagesIn this essay, I will be examining the works of two authors on the topic of slavery in America: Ulrich B. Phillips American Negro Slavery (1918) and Toni Morrison Beloved (1987). One writes as a Southerner and a historian who is defending s outhern slaveholders and draws upon contemporary racial theory to justify the system as beneficial to African Americans. The other writes as an African-American woman who is looking to write women into history and in doing so, add a female voice to the pastRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved1434 Words   |  6 PagesI. SUBJECT Beloved by Toni Morrison opens in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1873 set in the Reconstruction era of American history. Sethe eighteen years ago escaped slavery with her children to live with her mother-in-law, Baby Suggs, in a house on 124 Bluestone Road often referred to simply as 124. The novel unfolds on two different time periods, that of Sethe’s time at Sweet Home plantation as a slave and that of the present. Her qualities of motherhood have overtaken Sethe’s life and have driven away herRead MoreAnalysis Of Beloved By Toni Morrison2078 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis of Beloved as a Portrayal of American History Toni Morrison’s 1988 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, Beloved is clearly a work of well deserved literary acclaim. It has been hailed as one of the most revolutionary, poetic, and poignant pieces of modern American literature. The work is characterized by it’s portrayal of the â€Å"Slave Narrative† and follows the strife of former slave and mother: Sethe as she is tormented by the memories of her past, the haunting of her home, and the appearanceRead MoreEssay on Themes in Song Of Solomon2113 Words   |  9 PagesToni Morrison is one of the most talented and successful African-American authors of our time. Famous for works such as The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved, Morrison has cultivated large audiences of all ethnicities and social classes with her creative style of writing. It is not Morrison’s talent of creating new stories that attracts her fans. In contrast, it is her talent of revising and modernizing traditional Biblical and mythological stories th at have been present in literature for centuries.Read More Exploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrisons Beloved At the climax of her book Beloved, Toni Morrison uses strong imagery to examine the mind of a woman who is thinking of killing her own children. She writes, Because the truth was simple, not a long-drawn-out record of flowered shifts, tree cages, selfishness, ankle ropes and wells. Simple: she was squatting in the garden and when she saw them coming and recognized schoolteachers hat, she heard wings. Little hummingbirds stuck their needleRead MoreToni Morrison and Beloved Essay2616 Words   |  11 Pages Toni Morrison was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Beloved, a novel whose popularity and worth earned her the Nobel Prize in literature the first ever awarded to a black female author.   Born in the small town of Larain, Ohio, in 1931, to George and Ramah Willis Wofford, Morrisons birth name is Chloe Anthony Wofford (Gates and Appiah   ix).   Morrison describes the actions of her central character in Beloved, as:   the ultimate love of a mother; the outrageous claim of a slave.   In

Strategic Leadership - 2805 Words

A. Describe strategic leadership in detail, the traits of strategic leadership, how they differ from strategic management, and discuss the importance of strategic leadership for the competitive success of a firm. Strategic leadership is difficult to describe as a concept; however it is easy to distinguish when it is in action. Leaders pay close attention to small details to ensure that the big picture may one day become realized. Strategic leadership is being able to develop competencies for dealing with extensive, new challenges of leading in the industry that they are in. In an attempt to define strategic leadership I begin to define the word strategy. Strategy is a plan of action for accomplishing a goal. Strategic†¦show more content†¦It seems that a leader has better interpersonal skills that enable them to get others to do what they wish more easily. Both managers and leaders strive to achieve their organizations goals however each tries to accomplish these goals differently. For example a leader gives his followers empowerment which enables them willingly follows and have a personal stake in acquiring those goals. A manager uses their organizational power to dict ate what should be done and when. Their authority expects complete compliance from their subordinates. Managers and leaders scan their external and internal environments for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWAT analysis). Each motivates their subordinates in a different manner. This is the point where leaders and managers get defined. If others internalize the organizations goals and believe that they can help achieve them through hard work, they have been inspired by leaders. If they are given orders and expected to comply automatically, they are under the authority of a manager. The importance of strategic management results in good organization conditions that include the devotion of its employees to work hard and have good work ethics. They feel part of the organizations success when it reaches its expectations. B. Choose a CEO of a prominent firm you believe has exemplified effective strategic leadership andShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management : Strategic Leadership1516 Words   |  7 PagesStrategic leadership is defined as the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain the flexibility, think in strategic manner, and inspire change. It is essential to have a competent strategic leader as this will impact the performance of the firm directly due to being in the position to make crucial decisions on behalf of the firm (Ireland et al, 2005). A clear distinguishment needs to take made. Strategy is sets of actions that are needed to be performed in order for change to occur that will leadRead MoreStrategic Leadership : A Strategic Leader929 Words   |  4 PagesBecoming a strategic leader began with an outstanding analogy comparing strategic leadership to surfing. By comparing the frustrations of failing at surfing and not knowing what changes to make to the challenge of being told you are not a strategic leader and not being given specifics to change, the authors effectively explained the value of understanding and utilizing strategic leadership. This paper will follow their lead in giving an understanding of strategic leadership as well as how to utilizeRead MoreStrategic Management : Strategic Leadership1085 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The focus of strategic leadership is the enduring performance potential of an organization- achieving the potential of the organization over time so that it will thrive in the long term (Hughes, et.al, 2014). Strategic leadership happens when individuals create the direction, alignment, and commitment needed to achieve the enduring performance potential of the organization (Hughes, et.al, 2014). Leaders are more strategic when they are strong strategy makers, that is, when they developRead MoreA Reflection On Strategic Leadership1276 Words   |  6 PagesA Reflection in Strategic leadership Before coming to USAWC I think that my experience and knowledge gained during the twenty-five years of service is an important quality to possess. At one point I thought: â€Å"A few years until retirement, and probably no special secrets for me to discover during academic year. I can only confirm what I know, gained some new knowledge and meet a bunch of interesting people before returning home. Much to my surprise, already after the first reading and discussionRead MoreEssay Strategic Leadership1068 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Leadership The only thing harder than being a strategic leader is trying to define the entire scope of strategic leadership a broad, difficult concept. We cannot always define it or describe it in every detail, but we recognize it in action. This type of leadership involves microscopic perceptions and macroscopic expectations. Volumes have been written on the subject, which may in fact contribute to the difficulty of grasping the concept. One finds confusing and sometimes conflictingRead MoreLeadership Development : A Strategic Approach820 Words   |  4 PagesFuture Leadership Development Consequently, leadership development requires that organizations take a strategic approach such as coaching, training programs, mentoring, and/or virtual learning. A critical analysis and evaluation of what I learned regarding leadership development is that organizations must evaluate organizational needs and individual skills and competencies; assess an individual readiness to learn; create performance measures and evaluation criteria to measure training and learningRead MoreStrategic Management and Leadership25577 Words   |  103 PagesDiploma Level 7 in Strategic Management and Leadership The London Academy for Higher Education: Extended Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership Course Manual 2011 / 2012 Contents How to use this Manual About the London Academy for Higher Education About the Extended Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership Course Module Brief Entrance Requirements Core Units Unit 1: Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Unit 2: Professional Development for Strategic Managers UnitRead MoreStrategic Leadership And Organisational Strategic Direction3503 Words   |  15 Pagesbusiness. Strategic decisions determine what products a firm will offer, which markets it will compete in and how it will compete. These decisions usually involve heavy investment and high levels of new markets, taking over competitors or redefining the business purpose are all strategic decisions. Companies have to modify their strategies in response to changes in the market or competitors actions. To operate and manage all those strategy organisation need appropriate strategic leadership. This reportRead MoreStrategic Management and Leadership2372 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween Stra tegic Management and Leadership The strategic management process helps institutions identify what they intend to achieve and how they will accomplish outcomes. The term strategic management is used to refer to the entire decision-making process. Strategic management must evolve by predicting the future (more effective planning), thinking strategically (increased responses, evaluation of strategic alternatives and dynamic allocation of resources) and creating the future (strategic planningRead MoreA Definition Of Strategic Leadership1868 Words   |  8 PagesA Definition of Strategic Leadership â€Å"The key to strategic planning is competent strategic leadership.† Strategic leadership requires personal outlook of the church which will increase the involvement and ministry outreach of the congregants. Strategic leadership in the twenty-first century has increased as the rising Millennial generation places new aspects of leadership which require higher standards more relevance from the church; becoming transparent. Malphurs stresses the concern of the church

Macbeth15 Essay Example For Students

Macbeth15 Essay The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. There are many factors which contribute to the degeneration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeths degeneration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeths judgment, and finally Macbeths long time ambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeths growing character degenerates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which were told by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to the degeneration of his character. If it had not been for the witches telling him that he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and King of Scotland, Macbeth would still be his ordinary self. As a result of the prophecies, this aroused Macbeths curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland. As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. Shakespeare uses the witches as a remedy for Macbeths curiosity which corrupts his character. The influence of Macbeths wife, Lady Macbeth also contributed to his degeneration of character. Lady Macbeths character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that Lady Macbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. This proves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeths character. Macbeths first murder was a trying experience for him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore, it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeths ambition also influenced his declining character. However, Macbeths ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeths influence also comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of King of Scotland no matter what it took, even if it meant murdering. Macbeths ambition influenced the cause of his new character. This new character of Macbeth contained greed, violence, and power hunger. Macbeth shows this when he kills King Duncan. In conclusion, the prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeths influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributed greatly to his degeneration of character which resulted to his downfalldeath. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example. Bibliography:

The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay Example For Students

The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay Love is perhaps the most actively sought moral objective of ones life. And though marriage is often thought to be the logical consequence of love, it is Oscar Wildes contention in his satire, The Importance of Being Earnest, that love begets bliss and marriage thwarts this course of bliss. Algernon Moncrieff spends very little time falling in love and the rest of the time striving toward engagement. Wilde demonstrates through him that once one becomes intent upon achieving a goal, the individuals motivation becomes a matter of action rather than truth. Algernon is no longer driven by a moral objective; instead, he becomes intent upon achieving a societal standard. The truth is rarely pure, and never simple (35). Love is truth. Marriage results in the systematic complication of love. Algernon becomes disillusioned in the process of seeking truth. In defining Algernons preconceived notion of marriage and then describing the subsequent earnest pursuit of engagement, Wilde achieves a consequential climax that satirizes marriage. Algernon is a pompous man of seemingly strong, albeit unconventional, convictions. Wilde uses him for the sole purpose of mocking the sanctimonious institution of marriage. In the beginning of the play, Algernon considers Jacks intent to propose to Gwendolen to be business, not pleasure (30). Yet eventually Algernon also resolves to propose to Cicely, discrediting his own established belief: I really dont see anything romantic in proposing. It is very romantic to be in love. But there is nothing romantic about a definite proposal. Why, one may be accepted. One usually is, I believe. Then the excitement is all over. The very essence of romance is uncertainty (30). Algernon clearly, at one point, sees marriage as a means to an end. Once he meets Cecily, however, the idea of maintaining truth above reality is hard to rationalize; he wants only to move forward in the proper manner established by society. Upon initially hearing about Cicely, Algernon is intrigued. She is no more than a name on a cigarette case. After intense probing, Jack discloses Cicelys identity. Algernon then tells Jack, I would rather like to see Cicely (51). She suddenly becomes more of a name to Algernon, and he begins to pursue her as more than a person; she becomes his moral objective. When Jack reveals to Gwendolen his address in the country, Algernon secretly writes the address on his shirt-cuff (53) in hopes of going to meet Cicely. Shortly after his first encounter with her, he reveals to Jack, I am in love with Cicely, and that is everything (71). This newfound love is his truth. He admits to her, Cicely, ever since I first looked upon your wonderful and incomparable beauty, I have dared to love you wildly, passionately, devotedly, hopelessly (73). Yet Algernon quickly abandons the truth imbedded in love, his moral objective, and instead opts for convention. I dont care for anybody in the whole world but you. I love you, Cecily. You will marry me, wont you? (74). The irony displayed through Algernons self-contradiction is the pivotal progression that eventually results in Wildes intended resolution of the play Algernon reveals he simply wanted to be engaged to Cecily (88) to Jack, who quickly dismisses him. There is certainly no chance of your marrying Miss Cardew (88). It is this obstacle, and its respective denouement, which outlines the basis of Wildes thematic emphasis. Prospective marriage, by means of engagement, serves not only as an obstacle but also a resolution. In Algernons view, Cecily is the sweetest, dearest, prettiest girl in the whole world. And he doesnt care twopence about social possibilities (98). .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .postImageUrl , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:hover , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:visited , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:active { border:0!important; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:active , .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7 .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27a74f3a073150030f5f9ea5c8dfb7a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clown Essay In actuality, however, it is the promise of social possibilities that motivate him to an end. For, it is his eventual conformity to societal norms that destroys the moral truth he once held dear. By the time Wilde establishes definite engagement for the couple, Algernon and Cicely embrace, and the play ends. As Algernon said in Act 1, The excitement is all over (30). This anti-passionate climax epitomizes Wildes sardonic wit, humoring a societal institution. Algernon achieves what he believes he wants, but loses his motivation in the process. Marriage, at one point, seemed to be very problematic to Algernon. His .

Is an Environmental Friendly Technology free essay sample

G is an environmental friendly technology Introduction 4G system is a platform to provide higher bandwidth, higher data transfer rate, user-friendly, innovative security application. According to its core technologies, the paper mainly analyses some aspects and describes some explanations on its environmental friendly characteristics. Environmental friendly technology Environmental friendly technology, also known as the green technology, focuses on the new scientific and technical methods, which should be conducive to the Earth. A product or technology should be sustainable, conservation of natural resources, recycling, produce waste and pollution as little as possible, and do not hurt people, when it is considered environmental friendly. [1] 4G technology There is no uniform or unique definition of 4G so far. A general explanation is that â€Å"Fourth Generation mobile technology ( 4G ) is a set of standards for providing broadband Internet access to devices like cellphones and tablets. †[2] 4G is a set of 3G and WLAN, be able to meet all the users’ requirements for wireless service. We will write a custom essay sample on Is an Environmental Friendly Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The principal difference between 4G technology and the previous standards, such as the 3G technology, is the data transfer speeds. The download speed of 4G systems can reach 100Mbps which is 2000 times faster than todays dial-up Internet, upload speed also can reach 20Mbps. [3] Up to 2011, only two official 4G mobile technologies was ordered: LTE-Advanced and WiMAX Release 2. Analysis of environmental friendly 4G is an environmental friendly technology because the unique characteristics of its some core technologies. * Higher data rates and recycling The experts forecast â€Å"the speed transmission of wireless information of 4G can reach 10Mbps to 20Mbps, even the 100Mbps, which is equivalent to about 10,000 times the transmission speed of the phone†. [4] For example, download a 500M film only 2 minutes, a 5M high-quality songs less than one second! Saving time is also a recycling. The time saved can gain more value. High speed can maximize the resources share and make full use of resources. * Full utilization of resources In the users personalized settings, the user can set up a mobile terminal, accordance with their own preferences. 6]It will be a great convenience to people’s lives. For example: watches, wallets, scarfs, eyewear, any one you can see are likely to become the 4G terminal. The characteristic also can save room and full use of resources. People maybe need only a mobile instead of books, computers, even wallet. Also the multipurpose of material is a kind of environmental friendly. * Reduce noise and reduce radiation OFDM technology is developed to reduce this frequency selective fading. Both the quality and the data rate of the communication can be improved by applying MIMO system. 7] Thus, it supplies clearer communication quality which can reduce noise and radiation. It is a great benefit for people. * Low-cost, high-performance 4G phones should be regarded as a small computer, which supports more service and applications. Instead of the phone presented, 4G phones should be more intelligent and more natural. [7] And with respect to the other technologies, 4G deployment is easier, cause the 4G not only solve the compatibility issues with 3G , but also introduces a number of advanced communication technologies, in order that the 4G can provide a very high flexibility for system operation. The production is low-cost, although it realize high-performance. Low-cost is the important point of environmental protection. Conclusion Through the discussion, that 4G is an environmental friendly technology can be concluded. The advanced technologies is the main reasons, which support better users’ experience, more convenient lives and more environmentally friendly environment. Reference: [1] Mandi Rogier. What Is Environmentally Friendly Technology? Retrieved December 9, 2012, from wiseGEEK. Web site: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-environmentally-friendly-technology. htm [2]  John Lister. What Is 4G Mobile Technology? Retrieved December 9,2012, from wiseGEEK. Web site: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-4g-mobile-technology. htm [3] 4G Retrieved December 9, 2012, from baike. Web site: http://www. baike. com/wiki/4G [4] Nick Rittenhouse, Drew Winfield. (April 9, 2011) PLASMA SILICON ANTENNAS: THE FUTURE OF MOBILE INTERNET University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering Eleventh Annual Freshman Conference. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from IEEEXplore. Web site:http://136. 142. 82. 187/eng12/history/spring2011/pdf/1298. pdf [5] Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank H. P Fitzek, and Ramjee Prasad. Defining 4G Technology from the User’s Perspective Retrieved December 9, 2012, from IEEEXplore. Web site: http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? tp=amp;arnumber=1580917 [6] Mohsin Jamil, Shahan Parwaiz, Shaikh Mohsin Shahzad, Qasim Awais. 4G: The Future Mobile Technology Retrieved December 9, 2012, from IEEEXplore. Web site:http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? tp=amp;arnumber=4766729 [7] Bill Krenik. ( November 3-5, 2008) 4G Wireless Technology: When will it happen? What does it offer? Retrieved December 9, 2012, from IEEEXplore. Web site:http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? tp=amp;arnumber=4708715

What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Essays

What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Essays What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Paper What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Paper As Oliver Wendel Holmes quoted, â€Å"When we want to know what is going on today or want to make sure what will happen tomorrow, I will look back the past. † We can find out the process of development from this sphere to nowadays in a deep-going way by reviewing organizational behavior history which has gone through Classical School of Management, Behavioral School of Management and Human Relations School of Management. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers. Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and structuralized Management. As we know, F W Taylor, Henri Faylor, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. F W Taylor Taylor is the founding father of Classical School of management thought, who advocates scientific management and attached importance to heighten effectiveness of workers through greatly improving workers’ productivity leading to maximized benefit of workers and employers caused due to scientific management. His works named â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management† was published in the early 1900s. In the initial stage, Taylor was being affected by some moral principles; therefore, he had a profound respect for the following principles, Brought up scientific working methods for basic formative section of each staff’s job Scientifically selected, trained, fostered and cultivated the workers. Cooperated with staffs enthusiastically so that ensuring jobs done are suitable to scientific theory which has been set forth. Basically actualized equal division of labor between jobs and responsibilities of the managements and the workers. All work processes should be systematically analyzed and broke down into specialized discrete tasks. Payment depended on piecework basis which taken as an incentive to maximize productivity and produce high wages for the workers. At the same time, his insufficient understanding towards organizational behavior gave rise to the following situations, Changed worker’s role into that was required to strictly abide by methods and procedures of affairs on which they had no discretions. Fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on the analysis and organization of individual tasks and operation,. His thought over payment that was mainly reliance on output performance rather than giving remuneration to workers in accordance with overall performance of the workers’. His inclination to consider planning and control of workforce activities which were only in the managements’ hands rather than allowing staffs to involve. Every job which was measured, timed, and rated. Occurrence of boredom stemmed from repetitive jobs and tight management control. Poor understanding between grass-roots workers and managements. Henri Fayol Fayol is the representative of Classical School of management thought. Administrative management is the managerial mode he stood for where it applied essential points to administrative management principles of controllers. His famous works, â€Å" Industrial management and common managementâ€Å", divided management into five segments. Therefore, it denoted controllers were to carry out the five segments, i. e. to forecast , to organize, to command, to coordinate, to control. By now, these five segments are still the functional basis and basic process by which controllers research into management. According to his thought over management, therefore, 14 â€Å"principles of organization† came into being. 4 universal principals of the organization Division of work Professionally increased output through improving effectiveness of the workers. Authority The managers were required to be good at giving commands as authority conferred them right to do so but responsibility were accompanying authority. Discipline The workers must adhere to and respect organizational rules and regulations. The managers and workers must have clear understanding towards organizational rules and regulations. Organization must enforce effective sanction upon those workers who broke organizational rules and regulations. Interests of the individual should subordinate to interests of the collective Interests of Any individuals or groups should not exceed organizational interest as the collective. Remuneration It was required to improve the workers’jobs and offer equal wages treatment. Concentration of power It refers the level of the workers’ involvement in decision-making. Scalar chain. The establishment of a â€Å" line of authority† by which communication must comply with the chain by levels of authority from the seniors to the subordinate. Order. The workers and substance should be on the corresponding position at appropriate time. Equality. Managers ought to keep kindness and equality for the workers. Stability of employees’ terms of office as high mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness and efficiency. Initiative When being allowed to participate in formulation and enforcement of planning, employees would complete works with their great efforts. Stability of employees’ terms of office. High mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness. The managers should formulate plans of human affairs in order as to find the right substitute as positions appeared vacant. Espirt de corps. It publicized that esprit de corps would be established and unified harmoniously. There is no doubt that Fayol did have misunderstanding towards the organizational behavior. This can be discerned from which he hypothesized universal principles that were applicable to all organizational situations; only acknowledged the formal organization and focused on the structure of organizations; took management as critical paternalistic; his ideas was stiff to desires and needs of both individuals and groups; his rational and deterministic approach lacked suitability towards structures and behaviors of people as individuals and groups; the 14 universal principles set forth by him were not will fit into an organic organization; Max Weber Weber, as a matter of fact, tended to be an academic with an interest in authority structure. His works, â€Å" Theory of Social and Economic Organization†, coined the term â€Å" bureaucracy†, which can be viewed as an attempt to build up a reasonable and legal basis for the authority and an arrangement for the purpose of selecting people and undertaking various sorts of activities. Bureaucratic type of organizational structure defined by Weber is be of the following characteristics, Works of specialization It decomposed works into different kinds of simple, daily, and detailed tasks. Hierarchy of authority. Responsibilities and positions were organized by hierarchy. Each low-grade position was monitored and controlled by the high-grade position. Formal selection. All organizational members were selected on the basis of qualification of technique, which certified by training, education, formal examinations. Impersonality When applying rules and regulations, it was required to avoid involvement of character and personal preference. Orientation of occupation. Managers were professional leaders. They worked for steady salary and developed their careers within the organization. However, Weber did not fully understand organization behavior as he inherited much common ground of Taylor’s scientific management and Fayol’s administrative management. Since it is so, his works is relatively regulated and prescribed leading to little sphere left for autonomy and originality; Individuals were constrained in the act of impersonal and rational ways after determining affairs demonstrated in the stressful world; He emphasized organizational efficiency but which would produce expense of flexibility at the request of rapid change; Impersonality might cause inequality of treatment and unfairness in the non-standard case, which reduces personal interaction; he allowed no mechanism for challenging the bureaucracy; rules became constraints to employees rather than an aid to organizational effectiveness and performance. Taylor, Fayol and Weber, anyhow, are considered to omit one point which insists on that people are core of organization. However, theories of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber had disseminated seeks for organizational behaviors. Their thought has great impact on development and demarcation of organizational behavior.

Business Strategy and Strategic Directions Research Paper - 1

Business Strategy and Strategic Directions - Research Paper Example The restaurants are marketed as the trend to attract high-value clients. The company has been listed by Forbes as one of the best employers in the United States (Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group, n.d.). It runs a loyalty program that helps in reducing the rate of turnover and motivating employees. The research paper seeks to analyze the strategies undertaken by Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant as it endeavors to stay ahead of competitors in San Francisco and United States. Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group Inc. faces major competition from Joie De Vivre Hospitality, Morgans Hotel Group, and Ian Schrager Hotels. Kimpton relies on differentiation, which makes it stand out from the crowd. It has competitors all over the United States because of its size. The hotel acquires old buildings found in urban centers and turns them into four-star hotels with trendy restaurants. The acquisition of old property reduces the cost of capital for the Kimpton Hotels and Restaurant Group. The hotels are turned into classy hotels with a vintage feeling that makes it unique. The sense of style shown by Kimpton is what makes it stand from most of the competitors in San Francisco and across the United States. Kimpton has a vision to experience both personal and organizational growth as time goes. The hotel’s mission says, â€Å"Getting and Keeping Guests, Keeping and Developing Employees.† (Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group, n.d.)The mission shows that the company values human resources and clients. Keeping and developing employees makes it possible to get and keep guests for a long time (Hill & Jones, 2013). The organizational culture prioritizes creativity, teamwork, and personal development. The strength of the Kimpton is their difference. The main goal is to give guests a unique experience that will make them coming back to Kimpton. The hotel management believes the unique Kimpton hotel experience that focuses on the

Gucci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gucci - Essay Example This essay analyzes one of the leading luxury product brands. And the name of it is Gucci. The brand is associated with symbol, name, design etc of a firm that helps a company to distinguish itself from others. The brand name or image is used by the companies for marketing and advertising its products. The positive image of the brand is an important asset of the firm. It helps the company in creating good impression in the mind of targeted customers. A brand is often represented by logo (Batey, 2012). It is protected by secure trademark. A company makes people aware of its products and services by marketing its products through various channels. In the competitive market of fashion industry, Gucci always maintains its strong brand image. This brand is so popular that in spite of its high price, the company has several customers in different parts of the world (Blackburn, 2012). The concerns of the company about its customers and its high quality of products contribute in developing p ositive brand image of Gucci. Gucci is highly conscious about its resonance. The company tries to satisfy its customers and increase their engagement with the brand by providing them complementary gifts with every purchase. The firm provides the facility of same day deliver in New York. The response of the customers to the brand is highlighted in this step. The company got to know the buying behaviour of the customers by understanding their judgement and feelings towards products. Gucci aims to deliver best goods of high quality. The brand position of Gucci is highlighted in this essay.

Business Law (Interbational) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law (Interbational) - Essay Example Schafer (31-46) explicitly describes the current rules applicable to the taxation of companies operating internationally. For examples, multinational companies or enterprises, and firms sited in another locality different from the residence of the people in charge of the companies’ administration. The following taxation principles are in operation: Establishment of framework for international taxation: Schafer (31) strongly believes that the first step in determining what kind of taxes to pay to which locality begins by establishing the framework for the taxation. The importance of the framework is to stipulate: one, whether a jurisdiction is entitled to tax income from an internationally run firm; two, the allocation formula among the entities that could claim the rights to the tax income; and, finally, preventive measures to avoid unduly double taxation. Jurisdiction issue: Schafer (33) defines a jurisdiction as the â€Å"company’s residence country where its main activities are concentrated, and the company utilizes the benefits provided by the residence country†. Some of the benefits the residence country (a tax haven, possibly) provides to the company may include economic resources, security or legal, financial, physical and social infrastructures that could be used at a cheaper cost compared with the expensiveness of such benefits at the company owners’ home countries, as in the case of the three friends from OECD countries (Schafer 33). And tax incomes are traditionally paid to the jurisdiction where is company is situated. Technically, a company’s jurisdiction could be described as the place where the company is registered or incorporated. In case it is unclear to ascertain the exact jurisdiction of a company based on its legal registration, the company’s place of economic allegiance, that is , where its main management structure and business operation reside could be taken as the

The Beast, The Lord Of The Flies Essay

The Beast, The Lord Of The Flies Essay In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the use of symbolism is revealed through thoughts and feelings the boys have while being marooned on the island. The use of symbols such as the pigs head, the beast, Piggys specs, the island and the use of masks, allows the author to reveal how humans allow their ability for evil to take over and control their life. The pigs head is one key symbol in Lord of the Flies that is involved in the naming of the novel. Descriptions of the slaughtered animals head on a spear is graphic and frightening. The pigs head is described as dim-eyed, grinning faintly, blood blackening between the teeth, and is covered with a black blob of flies that tickled under his nostrils (138). The reader becomes aware of the evil and darkness symbolized by the Lord of the Flies with this image. When Simon speaks with the lifeless, devil-like object, the source of evil is revealed. Simon learns that the beast, that frightened the other boys on the island, is not an outside force. The head of the slain pig tells him, Fancy thinking the beast was something you could hunt and kill! You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? (p. 143). The evil is symbolized by the pigs head. Simon faints after looking at the pig and seeing blackness within, a blackness that spread (p. 144). Evil had taken over, it was everywhere. The beast is used as a main symbol in this novel. In the imaginations of many of the boys, the beast is the source of evil on the island. Life on the island got worse as the evil there within each one of them became stronger. Simon realizes this before his meeting with the Lord of the Flies. During an argument over the reality of a beast, he shares his belief with the others. Simon tells them, Maybe, maybe there is a beastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ maybe its only us (p. 89). The other boys immediately begin to argue more fiercely in response to Simons thoughts. The crowd gives a wild whoop when Jack scolds Ralph, saying If theres a beast, well hunt it down! Well close in and beat and beat and beat! (p. 91). Their fear of the beast and desire to kill it shows how strong the hold societys rules once had over them has been lost during their time on the island. The evil within the boys has more effect on their survival as they spend more time on the island, and this decline is reflected by Piggys specs. Piggy represents civilization and the rules, from which the other boys have been separated. As Piggy loses his ability to see, the other boys also lose their vision of that civilization. Piggy can clearly see with both lenses of his spectacles intact, and the boys are still fairly civilized at the start of the story. An example, at the first meeting, the boys decide that they cant have everybody talking at once they have to have hands up like at school (p. 33). After some time passes, the hunters become more concerned with slaughtering a pig than with being rescued. They return from a successful hunt in the jungle chanting Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood, (p. 69). Piggy and Ralph attempt to explain to the hunters that having meat to eat is not as important as keeping the signal fire burning. During a fight, Jack purposely knock s Piggys specs from his face, smashing one of the lenses greatly diminishing his vision. After Jack forms his own tribe of savages, he and two of his followers ambush Ralph, Piggy, and Samneric. In the middle of this ambush Piggys specs are stolen, leaving him virtually blind. In the mean time, Jack goes back to Castle Rock, trotting steadily, exulting in his achievement (p. 168), as he has discarded all ties to civilized life. Jacks ruthless nature and attitude cause his lapse into complete savagery. He enjoys the feeling of being feared by those around him. It was like he fed off of it and it made him even more evil. The island is taken up by the jungle, which shows the decline of civilization. Since the jungle is the home of the beast, it also symbolizes the darkness present in humans that is capable of ruling their lives. This evil spreads to almost every boy on the island, just as in the jungle, darkness poured out, submerging the ways between the trees till they were dim and strange as the bottom of the sea (p. 57). The experiences the boys undergo on the island expose them to the evil that lies beneath their civilized surface. The experiences affect them mentally and physically to the point where they lose their identities. The symbolic use of masks demonstrates the collapse of the boys way of life. When covered by masks the hunters have different personalities. They forget the civilized behaviors that once controlled them and now they have given in to their natural desires and urges. Jack paints his face to his liking and suddenly becomes a savage. He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling (p. 64). At home, Jack would not have behaved in this manner, but behind the mask, Jack feels free to behave like the devil. Lord of the Flies reflects the darkness that has the ability to awaken the evil beast from within. The author uses symbols that illustrate this theme of darkness throughout the novel. In Lord of the Flies, the symbols are important to the storys ideas and theme.

Aztecs :: essays research papers

According to their own history, the Aztecs, who called themselves the Tenochca or Mexica, started as a small nomadic tribe originating from a place called Aztlan. Aztlan existed somewhere in the southern part of California or the north west of Mexico. At this time they were Nahuatl speaking. During the twelfth century they started a period of wandering and in the thirteenth century they came across Mexico's central valley. There they decided to settle. The reason for this is a prophecy. The prophecy said that when they saw an eagle sitting on a cactus with a snake in its mouth that was where they were to build their great civilization. For that reason they called it Tenochtitlan, meaning place of the cactus. Since the prophecy was filled upon an island in the middle of a small lake, called Lake Texcoco, land became short. They built Tenochtitlan in the year thirteen twenty five BC. They started as a small struggling village continually fighting with other Mexican city-states. Tenochtitlan acted as a place of refuge. Aztec Empire At first the Aztecs where ruled by the mightiest of the city-states in central Mexico known as Azcapotzlaco. They helped Azcapotzlaco to conquer surrounding territory in the early fourteen hundreds. By fourteen twenty-eight they had Azcopotzlaco itself with the help of neighboring allies. Tenochtitlan, by the year fourteen thirty-one, with an alliance with the neighboring city-states of Texcoco and Tlacopan had become and independent city-state itself. This triple alliance of three city-states soon controlled all of Mexico's central valley. Tenochtitlan, as the dominate city-state in this alliance, became a base for a program of military expansion and conquest. However the program was left incomplete even when the empire fell to the Spaniards. To connect the Capitol to the mainland the Aztecs built a network of canals, bridges and three stone causeways. Aztecs didn't rule directly over the lands they concord. Instead they demanded tribute such as food, clothing, woven blankets, precious stones, furs, feathers, fine woods and slaves or captives. As a result these products became available in the marketplace and common in people's homes. The emperor's power came from his control of the military, wich was exceedingly large. Under him was his chief deputy, who would communicate with the gods and relate the gods wishes to the Emperor. Below him there was a council of four noble princes and three honored classes of warriors who managed day to day affairs in the empire. Below them were four social classes, nobles, commoners, serfs and slaves. Nobles: the nobles owned private plots of land or shared land with other families. Commoners: The commoners were the largest group who included priests, merchants, artisans, and farmers who held land in common with the nobles. Serfs: The majority of the serfs farmed the nobles land. Slaves: The slaves were the lowest

Middle East Conflict from a Palestinian Perspective

The Middle East conflict that exists between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews began comparatively not so long ago, in particular at the beginning of the 20th century. This is true that these two nations have different religions; however, their religious differences are not the main cause of the conflict. For the most part their conflict is a struggle over land. To understand the origin of the struggle one should recall in what way Jewish people established their state.By 1929, 156,000 Jewish settlers resided in Palestine. About 4 percent of Palestine land was in the ownership of these settlers but this small amount of land comprised near 14 percent of all agricultural land. The way these lands were acquired by Jews brought about much controversy and dispute. Absentee landlords owned the land of many villages where Palestinians had lived, worked, and died. Zionists then purchased the villages from the absentee landlords and evicted the inhabitants. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra eli)The violence and military actions that increased more and more together with the failure to conciliate Arab and Jewish peoples urged the world community to pull apart these belligerent powers. Thus in 1947 the UN General Assembly ratified the 1947 UN Partition Plan according to which the territory was divided into two states, Jewish and Arab. However, it did not bring expected peace to the area. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan the Arab leadership rejected the plan. The basic reason for rejection was that two parts of the divided territory were equal. On this background almost a year later only one state was proclaimed and it was Israel.After the war of 1948-49, the territory known before as Palestine was split into three parts, the proclaimed state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip.The establishment of Jewish state on the Palestinian territory was historically and religiously grounded. Jewish people asserted that this land belonged to them by the biblical promise to Abraham and his descendants, and also they pointed to the fact that this was the historical site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel.Palestinian Arabs' in their turn maintain that land belonged to them as they lived there for centuries and they represented the demographic majority. What concerns the biblical explanation for Jewish land claim Arabs also state that while Ishmael, who was Abraham’s son, is the forefather of the Arabs, then the land promised by God to the children of Abraham must belong to Arabs as well. Thus, from the point of view of religion and history the position of Palestinian and Jews in regard to the land may be considered as equitable.  However, as it was mentioned above the core of the conflict is the land possession and Palestinians rejected the equal land division.The surrounding Arab states supported the Palestinian Arabs in rejecting both the Partition Plan and the establishment of Israel, and the armies o f six Arab nations attacked the newly formed State of Israel. The world has divided into the states that support Israel in its war with Palestine and the states which supported Palestine. Thus the local conflict turned into the global problem.This confrontation lasts up till now and influences the variety of fields in international relations. However, we observe here this conflict only in two aspects. That is its consequences in the context of struggle for energy carriers and in the context of dividing the world into two â€Å"camps†.As it is known the majority of world energy carriers, in particular oil, are controlled by Arab countries. These countries tried to use this factor as the impact factor on the countries that supported Israel in the military confrontation. Thus, in October, 1973, the Arab oil-producing states imposed production restraints and an embargo–their second such attempt. They did so allegedly as a punishment for those countries that supported Israe l in the Middle East war earlier that month. Their first effort at embargo occurred in 1967, following the lightning Israeli victory in the June Six-Day War. That episode is not well-known because it was a total failure. However, global oil market conditions would change substantially in subsequent years. (USA Today, 16+)The second consequence of this conflict was the division of the world into two camps. So, as it is known, Muslims of the world supported Palestine, the USA and some of European countries supported Israel. The implications of this conflict are also burdened by the fact that this division was not simply between different views this was the division of cultures and religions. Some extremists are trying hard to present this conflict as a conflict between Muslim and Christian worlds. We cannot of course assert that the opposition between Jews and Palestinians is the cause of world confrontation; nevertheless, it remains the constant irritant and booster for new conflicts .To conclude with, I suppose that the development of confrontation between Israel and Palestine could have been avoided. Since the reason of the conflict was the land division when the state of Israel was proclaimed, I think that one could not have established the state of Israel having been governed only by the simple principle of equal land division. This principle satisfied Israel but it was unsatisfactory for the Palestinians. In the given situation the world community chose the easier way without showing willingness to find out the essence of disagreement. The principle 50/50 proved to be fallacious. This confrontation should be a lesson for the world community that only through considering the interests of all parties we may reach the peace.Endnotes:1. Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, Januar y 2002. 16+The article by Donald Losman was useful for my work as it helped me to see the process of how the local conflict or the conflict between two nations can grow into the global problem. This article gives the comprehensive reasoning for oil prices hike in 1970s caused by Middle East conflict. It also shows that there are side parties influencing Israeli – Palestinian relations, which support either of these belligerent powers.2. Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996This book provided me with information on consequences after the state of Israel proclamation and their impact on world policy, the role which it played for world polarization. The book gives the deep analysis for various reasons that led to the Middle East conflict and presents the historical perspective of its development. It helped me to shaper my own ideas on this problem.1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan . 2006 fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsraelisThe Wikipedia web page was useful in terms of history and general background information about the modern settlement of Jewish people on Palestinians territory. There was also the information about the origin of the conflict between these two nations and the history of establishing the state of Israel.Works cited list:Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, January 2002. 16+Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood,  1996Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan. 2006 from

Free Essays on Terrorism And Its Effect Upon The Economy

Terrorist attacks have many effects upon the nation that is attacked; the attack can have effects on the economy, as well as the well being of the citizens. Terrorism has been an extreme influence upon aspects of a nation’s well being since the dawn of the economy. Terrorism is a social issue where in which a organization uses force to meet demands from a source of power. Terrorism can effect the media as well as the sociological, the physiological, the physical, the ecological, and the legal aspects of a nation. The sociological effect a terrorist attack can have on a nation is massive, perhaps greater then the obvious physical effect. Terrorist attacks against our nation in recent memory have had serious effects on the economy forcing it to slow down. Recently, involving the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001, stocks and profits fell so low that some economists felt that our nation would experience recession. â€Å"Forecasters, for the most part, are predicting a mild recession with recovery starting next spring†¦ consumer confidence, suggest that the recession could be much deeper than is being forecast.† (Campbell, Bruce. â€Å"What Paul Martin Should Do†.www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/35.html). Companies, businesses, and corporations also experience slow profits during periods after terrorist attacks. These economic problems also slow inflationary pressure that also puts other strains on regular living in a market economy system. In recent aftermath of a terrorist attack people’s lifestyles also change. â€Å"Terrorist friendly† areas such as airports, and large buildings increase security drastically to insure safety. Other places such as stadiums also increase security during sporting and other events held inside the stadium. Society also attempts to prevent acts against terrorism by creating many anti-programs and organizations. The programs and organizations vary in methods of prevention, howeve... Free Essays on Terrorism And Its Effect Upon The Economy Free Essays on Terrorism And Its Effect Upon The Economy Terrorist attacks have many effects upon the nation that is attacked; the attack can have effects on the economy, as well as the well being of the citizens. Terrorism has been an extreme influence upon aspects of a nation’s well being since the dawn of the economy. Terrorism is a social issue where in which a organization uses force to meet demands from a source of power. Terrorism can effect the media as well as the sociological, the physiological, the physical, the ecological, and the legal aspects of a nation. The sociological effect a terrorist attack can have on a nation is massive, perhaps greater then the obvious physical effect. Terrorist attacks against our nation in recent memory have had serious effects on the economy forcing it to slow down. Recently, involving the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001, stocks and profits fell so low that some economists felt that our nation would experience recession. â€Å"Forecasters, for the most part, are predicting a mild recession with recovery starting next spring†¦ consumer confidence, suggest that the recession could be much deeper than is being forecast.† (Campbell, Bruce. â€Å"What Paul Martin Should Do†.www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/35.html). Companies, businesses, and corporations also experience slow profits during periods after terrorist attacks. These economic problems also slow inflationary pressure that also puts other strains on regular living in a market economy system. In recent aftermath of a terrorist attack people’s lifestyles also change. â€Å"Terrorist friendly† areas such as airports, and large buildings increase security drastically to insure safety. Other places such as stadiums also increase security during sporting and other events held inside the stadium. Society also attempts to prevent acts against terrorism by creating many anti-programs and organizations. The programs and organizations vary in methods of prevention, howeve...

Free Essays on Comparing Countries

France The French Socialist party, known as the SFIO (Section franà §aise de l'internationale ouvrià ¨re), French section of the Worker's International, was formed in 1905 by a merging of different socialist groups. Led by Jean Jaurà ¨s and Jules Guesde the SFIO became a major political force. In 1914 the party supported French participation in World War I, accepting ministerial posts. By 1920 the Communists held a majority in the party, and a split was unavoidable. The minority, led by Là ©on Blum, reconstituted the SFIO and in 1924 it joined a coalition government. In 1936, faced by economic depression, government corruption, and the rise of French fascism, the Socialists, allied with Communists and Radical Socialists, won election as the Popular Front; Blum was premier (1937-38). In World War II the SFIO played a major role in the French Resistance, emerging in 1945 as one of the strongest government parties. But, surrounded by Communists on the left and conservative parties on the right, it gradually lost strength, although it frequently was the leading party in governing coalitions. Split over support for the Fifth Republic in 1958, the party made a succession of alliances, unsuccessfully opposing the ruling Gaullists. It was reorganized in 1969 as the Parti Socialiste.Socialist candidate Franà §ois Mitterrand, was only narrowly defeated for the presidency in 1974, and in 1981, again with Communist support, he defeated Gaullist, President Valà ©ry Giscard d'Estaing, then led his party to an assembly majority. U.S. In 1898 the Social Democratic party was formed by a group led by Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger. Two years later, Debs ran for president with the support of the more moderate wing of the Socialist Labor party, and in 1901 this group, led by Morris Hillquit, united with the Social Democratic party to form the Socialist party. The new pa... Free Essays on Comparing Countries Free Essays on Comparing Countries France The French Socialist party, known as the SFIO (Section franà §aise de l'internationale ouvrià ¨re), French section of the Worker's International, was formed in 1905 by a merging of different socialist groups. Led by Jean Jaurà ¨s and Jules Guesde the SFIO became a major political force. In 1914 the party supported French participation in World War I, accepting ministerial posts. By 1920 the Communists held a majority in the party, and a split was unavoidable. The minority, led by Là ©on Blum, reconstituted the SFIO and in 1924 it joined a coalition government. In 1936, faced by economic depression, government corruption, and the rise of French fascism, the Socialists, allied with Communists and Radical Socialists, won election as the Popular Front; Blum was premier (1937-38). In World War II the SFIO played a major role in the French Resistance, emerging in 1945 as one of the strongest government parties. But, surrounded by Communists on the left and conservative parties on the right, it gradually lost strength, although it frequently was the leading party in governing coalitions. Split over support for the Fifth Republic in 1958, the party made a succession of alliances, unsuccessfully opposing the ruling Gaullists. It was reorganized in 1969 as the Parti Socialiste.Socialist candidate Franà §ois Mitterrand, was only narrowly defeated for the presidency in 1974, and in 1981, again with Communist support, he defeated Gaullist, President Valà ©ry Giscard d'Estaing, then led his party to an assembly majority. U.S. In 1898 the Social Democratic party was formed by a group led by Eugene V. Debs and Victor Berger. Two years later, Debs ran for president with the support of the more moderate wing of the Socialist Labor party, and in 1901 this group, led by Morris Hillquit, united with the Social Democratic party to form the Socialist party. The new pa...

The scientific origin of designer babies Research Paper

The scientific origin of designer babies - Research Paper Example Ole Peter Galaasen in his article â€Å"future of designer babies† attributes the current advancements made in PGD to advancements made in molecular genetics and reproductive technology (1). The future of the designer babies in regard to the current scientific advancements seems bright. Basis of Controversies in Religion & Science: Saying that the subject of designer babies is controversial is an understatement. Even controversial scholars such as Satoshi Kanazawa have expressed their doubts over this issue. In his article â€Å"Common misconceptions about science III: Designer babies† Kanazawa states: â€Å"Even if scientists acquired perfect knowledge on the manipulations associated to the human genome, a â€Å"designer baby† requires traits comprising of heritability not less than 100% †¦seeing as the traits studied such as intelligence, personality and height fall short of the specified 100%, there is no guarantee of a perfect designer baby. Parents wil l still depend on a natural course of genetic â€Å"events† and simply put their faith on probability† (2). This shows that genetic selection from a scientific realm perspective has its huddles. Most traits parents would like to modify in their offspring such as intelligence are subject to the influence of multiple of genes. Scholars are at war with themselves in regard to the political, religious and scientific debates sparked by designer babies. Zahedi and Larijani in their article â€Å"Medical Genetic Ethics: Islamic Views and Considerations in Iran† point out that Islam as much as other religion appreciates the benefits of technological and scientific advancements. Legal and health issues aside, what do scriptures and doctrines dictate? To this question Zahedi and Larijani assert that the issue of reproduction remains a sacred one. All scientific advancements in regard to reproduction are subject to rigorous religious scrutiny (1). They point out social and medical ethical issues such as fairness of use of genetic information acquired for medical trials (50). They further indicate the fear of the current medical trials aimed at the betterment of human life’s turning hazardous. In particular, they mention cloning stating â€Å"Cloning is subject to substantial prohibition due to the majority of Muslim reference decrees† (51). Kunich, an avid supporter of cloning, makes reference to religious decrees as superstition used to instigate fear: â€Å"Bad facts make bad law! If there ever was a classic example of this it is the human cloning turmoil, in which science and fact so often overwhelmed by superstition and fear† (137). Kunich reflects upon the negative debates against cloning and to extent designer babies as offensive ideas. He argues that laws against cloning do not derive from facts but rather on unsupported

National Identification System in the United States Essay

National Identification System in the United States - Essay Example National Identification System In The United States Firstly, it is national because it is used throughout the country having nationally uniform identifiers and formats. Secondly, the system is for practical and legal use only. Cards like credit cards can also be used to identify a person, but they are not national identity cards. People can have a number of such cards or no cards at all and still roam about in the country without any problems. However, if the law makes it mandatory for everyone to have such cards for identification purposes, it then comes in the category of national identity cards. Last but not the least; the system is used for the identification of an individual. It is different from a social security number. A social security number attaches a number to the name of a person and is just a national identifier. A national identity card actually proves the identity of a person. It shows that a person, previously known to the system, has once again presented himself or herself. It involves a biometric tie between the num ber and the person. The card would not only have the name and address of the person, but it also involves a compulsory facial image of a person on the card. The chip inside the card will help the law officials in identifying whether a person is on government’s watch list or not. Finger prints or retinal images on the card will also help in the identification of a person. This will help in retrieving information about the person from the government databases and immigration agencies as well. Many people are of the view that had such a system been implemented earlier, it would have probably helped in averting the 9/11 tragedy. The issue is still unclear whether everyone or a section of society should have such cards or where to use them such as at the airports or when accessing government buildings etc (Wang, pg, 1. 2002). Here it would be pertinent to discuss the National Identification Legislation in detail: NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION LEGISLATION: 9/11 COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION: Evaluating the 9/11 terrorist

Living Waters for Thirsty Souls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Living Waters for Thirsty Souls - Essay Example Living water for thirsty souls: unleashing the power of exegetical preaching is comprehensive with example sermons to demonstrate every stride of this method (McMickle 46). Interaction and Dialog with these Concerns from Individual Experience I have attended sermons more than a few times when I visit a chapel. I have listened to sermons that were sometimes distorted and proposed something impractical at some instances. As I read â€Å"Living Water for Thirsty Souls: Unleashing the Power of Exegetical Preaching† I found out that these preachers did not use a line of attack that could make whatever they were preaching as practical and realistic as possible. They tried too hard to make things fit into some contexts that made people wonder whether the examples that were provided really applied to what was in the scripture. After reading the book, I learnt that almost all the sermons that I had attended did not utilize even a quarter of what McMickle come up with in his approach (M cMickle 65). The sermons had no type of limitations. This made the preachers to go out of context and confuse the individuals attending the sermon, me included. The preachers sometimes totally lost the audience's attention to the sermon by going out of topic and confusing it even further by not going back to what they had been initially preaching. This hindered me personally from getting any type of lesson from the sermon, which, I felt, was quite unfair to me, as well as to the congregation. I believe that â€Å"Living Water for Thirsty Souls: Unleashing the Power of Exegetical Preaching† is valuable when it uses the strategy of putting limits to the sermon, so that they can fit well with whatever the scriptures say. A lesson can be learnt from the sermon effectively, and at the same time without struggles to learn something from the sermons offered by priests (McMickle 76). In most of the sermons that I attended, sometimes I would find myself lost among the literature that was being presented for a particular sermon. This is because the preacher would read from the literature that was not related to the sermon at all. This is not good for any sermon because I felt that literature presented toward the congregation ought to be relevant and related to the sermon as a whole. I felt at most of the sermons I attended that I had not learnt anything because of the literature ignorance and the lack of its proper presentation. The literature should be totally in line with the sermon being presented to the congregation. For the better comprehension and easier understanding of the literature it must be explained in depth (McMickle 87). During sermons, a number of preachers utilize a number of expressions and words that have different meanings; sometimes I felt that sermons were misinterpreted. I attended sermons and found it hard sometimes to follow it because of the language that was utilized in the sermons, or the manner the preacher interpreted the scriptures to us. The interpretations would not fit the context of the literature of the scriptures. This made me spend time on trying to figure out why the preacher had come to such an interpretation instead of concentrating on the message that was being passed on by the preacher. I believe that preachers ought to utilize good interpretations and even

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay Professional development is the skill and knowledge that we gain to optimize our personal development. Planning is the tool to enhance our ability to achieve a particular goal in a set amount of time. College degrees and coursework, attending conferences, training sessions are all different types of learning opportunities for our professional development. First we have to have a desire for career endurance and personal growth. In this process we have goals which we want to achieve some are short term goals and some are long term. As a teacher I am dedicated to learning and have made a lifelong commitment to education and want to bring a positive social change which will enhance the beauty of educational system on the early childhood level. As a teacher we create an individualized professional development plan based on the age of students in our classroom. As a Montessori teacher I have a belief that I can plan a better curriculum for early ages by merging Montessori philosophy and traditional styles of teaching according to the state content standards. This is my long-term goal to be a academic director on state level for early childhood. But to achieve this long-term goal I have to focus my own professional development which I can gain by updating my skills, and get to know the new material and to get the knowledge which reflects changes in educational theory. My short term goal is to gain more and more knowledge not only about education but about the environment, social changes, cultural differences which affect the educational system. I can achieve all this by doing my PH.D in educational psychology. Because it is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. This will also help me to enhance the healthy development of learning or mental health of children, adolescents and adults. This degree will also help in my long term goal to prepare myself as a facilitating learner, faces emotional, and  behavioral difficulties in more professional manner. Furthermore, degree emphasis on theory, research and evidence-based practices subscribes to the scientist-practitioner model in the practice of psychology, which is reflected in the academic requirements. It includes the study of human development from diverse lenses such as biological, cognitive behavioral, socio-cultural, ecological, and educational perspectives. Another emphasis of this degree is an in depth knowledge of the scientific literature and its applications in the areas of psychology, especially different aspects of human development, motivation, learning processes, therapeutic approaches, and human diversity. With all this knowledge and information I will be a better writer and a r esearcher because my main focus of my research is early childhood and its issues. References: http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics.htm?education-professional-development# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology http://coe.wayne.edu/tbf/edp/phd-school/index.php

Eulogy for my Loving Mother :: essays research papers

Good afternoon, let me just start by saying that the kindness, support, friendship, and love extended to me and my family during this difficult time has really touched my heart- we are sincerely appreciative! During the last moments of my mother’s life she was surrounded by loved ones, as she slowly slipped away into the morning with grace and peace. I can’t begin to express how hard it is for me to stand here before you and give my last respects to my loving mother - name here. From the biography that was handed out you can recall that during the her early years in the united states she studied and worked in New York where she met and married my dad, the love of her life. They spent the rest of their days loyal and in love with one another. Unfortunately, one day my father passed away with cancer at a young age. My dad was the one who suffered the most, but my mom suffered right along with him. She felt powerless, and for my mom- powerlessness turned in to guilt and grief, a painful distress she lived with on a daily basis for the next six years. When he died part of her died! Life for her was never the same again. I was not able to completely understand her loss- until now†¦ Throughout my life my mom has always been selfless and generous- especially when it came to her children and grandchildren†¦ ever putting her self last! SHE WAS MY EVERYTHING†¦ Unlike my sister, I was the one that gave my parents their grey hair†¦ It took me longer than most to mature, and the truth is- that’s putting it mildly. Yet through all the ups and downs, and all the times I would end up disappointing her expectations of me, one thing NEVER changed and that was her belief in me†¦ because of her unconditional love I am the person that I am today†¦ her reassurance and patience made all the difference. Because of her active involvement in my life and Eileen’s she became known to our friends as â€Å"Mama†. Where ever we would go- she would go with us, that’s just the way it was†¦ she got so close to our friends that they formed their own friendship with her.

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Essay -- Economy Economic

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Both institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, were established more than fifty years ago; and the foundations of both were expected to play roles in stabilizing the frustrated global economy and aiding post-war European countries as well as other developing countries for economic progress. In the first three decades, both institutions had their own respective functions and extensively engaged in different economic and financial activities. In general, the World Bank primarily concentrated on making long term loans to finance infrastructural projects in developing countries, as the IMF mainly provided economic consultation as well as short-term loans to both developed and developing countries (Driscoll). However, the distinctive differences started disappearing since the beginning of 1970s, as both began to involve in more and more similar economic activities. As such, these overlapping activities blurred the functions between the two institutions, in which ca se a restructuring reform might be required to avoid potential conflicts. Although both organizations were not identical twins as they were born in the first place, the relationship between them was very close. According to the World Bank’s article of agreement, â€Å"in order for a country to be able to become a member of the Bank, it must be a member of the Fund† (Polak 1). There are two reasons behind this rule: First, it can prevent free ridership that could possibly enables members of one organization to misuse their rights in the world monetary market. Second, it is widely believed that a good lending of the World Bank heavily depended on a country’s stable monetary market, which can be secured by... ...hirty years. Today, although they are facing certain critiques for some of their inconsistent policies that are not accepted by some economists, both are striving for a common goal to achieve the establishment of the stability in the world economy as well as the entire global economic wealth. Works Cited Driscoll, David. D. â€Å"The IMF and The World Bank: How Do They Differ?† Aug. 1996. 23 Nov. 2002. Moffitt, Michael. The World’s Money. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Naim, Moises. â€Å"Fad and Fashions in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?† 26 Oct. 1999. 20 Nov. 2002. Polak, Jacques J. The World Bank and The IMF: A Changing Relationship. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994.

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay

Drug abuse and addiction are a major burden to society. Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction — that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicted to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its ‘normal’ functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term â€Å"substance abuse† is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include: Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing

WHAT'S NON-LINEAR EDITING? Editing film on a flatbed or workbench is basically non-linear editing. That is, the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end, and changes can be made in the cut anywhere at any time. Contrast this with editing on video, where an editor must begin the cut at the beginning of the program and lay down shots in story order. Often an project edited in this way must make several versions of the program an "off-line" edit, where the basic decisions of the cut are made, and then an "on-line" edit, which includes all the bells and whistles of the edit dissolves, wipes, etc. Similarly, a film editor must make all his or her decisions without benefit of these effects, marking the work-print edit with grease pencil where the dissolves are supposed to go. The film editor has the benefits of being able to break a splice in half and make changes in the middle of the film edit, but has the disadvantages of having to keep track of thousands of little film trims. Non-Linear Editing, in the context of computer editing, is to film and video editing what the word processor was to the typewriter. Non-linear editing offers the best of both the film and video worlds..and more. The benefits of Non-linear editors (NLE) are greater than I could explain in one article. A NLE allow you to make changes in your edit anywhere at any time. A NLE can easily save multiple cuts of one program. A NLE can save hours of work logging and ar chiving footage. A NLE can remember and undo your recent edits that you aren't happy with. A NLE can generate an Edit Decision List (EDL) for film (a "cut list") or video to be sent to a negative conformer or in the case of video, can be imported into a n edit controller. Most NLE's use all digital sound. Many NLE's allow you to do titles generation, dissolves, wipes, video and 3D effects, and other custom effects on-the-fly or in real time. Many NLE's allow you to convert to and fr... Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing WHAT'S NON-LINEAR EDITING? Editing film on a flatbed or workbench is basically non-linear editing. That is, the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end, and changes can be made in the cut anywhere at any time. Contrast this with editing on video, where an editor must begin the cut at the beginning of the program and lay down shots in story order. Often an project edited in this way must make several versions of the program an "off-line" edit, where the basic decisions of the cut are made, and then an "on-line" edit, which includes all the bells and whistles of the edit dissolves, wipes, etc. Similarly, a film editor must make all his or her decisions without benefit of these effects, marking the work-print edit with grease pencil where the dissolves are supposed to go. The film editor has the benefits of being able to break a splice in half and make changes in the middle of the film edit, but has the disadvantages of having to keep track of thousands of little film trims. Non-Linear Editing, in the context of computer editing, is to film and video editing what the word processor was to the typewriter. Non-linear editing offers the best of both the film and video worlds..and more. The benefits of Non-linear editors (NLE) are greater than I could explain in one article. A NLE allow you to make changes in your edit anywhere at any time. A NLE can easily save multiple cuts of one program. A NLE can save hours of work logging and ar chiving footage. A NLE can remember and undo your recent edits that you aren't happy with. A NLE can generate an Edit Decision List (EDL) for film (a "cut list") or video to be sent to a negative conformer or in the case of video, can be imported into a n edit controller. Most NLE's use all digital sound. Many NLE's allow you to do titles generation, dissolves, wipes, video and 3D effects, and other custom effects on-the-fly or in real time. Many NLE's allow you to convert to and fr...

Lines and Angles in SAT Math Prep and Review

Lines and Angles in SAT Math Prep and Review SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Knowing your lines and angles is crucial for mastering SAT and is one of the foundational steps of geometry. Before you can tackle some of the more complex multi-shape problems that often appear towards the end of the test, you’ll need to know just how to solve for all your missing angle measures. Almost without fail, there will be exactly two problems on any given SAT on lines and angles (note: these problems are distinct from questions on lines and slopes, which are covered in a separate guide). Though this is a small percentage of the test in and of itself, line and angle knowledge provides the backbone for other geometry problems and so should be ranked high on your studying priorities. This will be your complete guide to lines and angles on the SATwhat they are, how you’ll see them on the test, and how to solve these types of questions to maximize your points on test day. Properties of Lines and Angles Before we get into how lines and angles function, let’s take a second to define what these terms mean. A line is a completely straight marker, meaning it has no curvature. It can either have termination points (and will be called a â€Å"line segment†) or go on infinitely. Its degree measure is always 180 °. Parallel lines are two or more lines that are a set distance apart (equidistant) and never meet. They travel in the same direction continuously. Perpendicular lines meet each other at 90 degree angles. An angle is the meeting of two lines. The measure of how they meet is expressed in degrees, and the point at which they intersect is called the angle’s â€Å"vertex.† Line and Angle Equalities Most of what you’ll need to know about lines and angles on the SAT is when and how they will be equal or supplementary to one another. Equal angles (or lines) are angles (or lines) that have the same measurement. Supplementary angles are angles that add up to 180 degrees. Because all these angles form a straight line and a straight line equals 180 degrees, the three angles are supplementary. Opposite Angles When two (or more) lines intersect, they form a series of opposite angles. Angles that are exactly opposite will always be equal to one another. Now let’s look at an opposite angle SAT problem. Here, you can see that the lines l and k intersect such that the sum of angles p and x make an angle that is exactly opposite angle m. This means that, when we add together angles p and x, their sum will be equal to angle m (because opposite angles are equal). 25+x=40 x=15 So our final answer is A, 15. Opposite Interior Angles When there are two parallel lines that are crossed by another line (called a transversal), the angles on alternate interiors will be equal to one another. And the angles on the same side of the transversal line and the same side of their respective parallel lines will also be equal. That may be difficult to picture, so let’s look at a diagram: (Note: when you are told that two lines are parallel on the SAT math section, the problem will almost always involve opposite interior angles in some way.) Now let’s look at an opposite interior angle SAT problem. We are told that lines l and m are parallel, so that means the three vertical lines are transversals. We can see that the angle to the far left is marked as 89 degrees and it is an opposite interior angle to angle r only. This means that r=89 degrees, as opposite interior angles are equal. So our final answer is A, r. Typical Line and Angle Problems Almost every line and angle problem is given to you as a diagram problem. You will be presented with a series of givens and then told to find a missing value of some kind. Almost always, this requires multiple steps and the use of multiple pieces of line/angle knowledge. For instance: This is a very typical line and angle problem, so let’s go through it. We are told that angle f is 85 degrees. This means we know that angle b is also 85 degrees because it is opposite f and opposite angles are equal. We are also told that c is 25 degrees. This means that g must also be 25 degrees because it is opposite angle c. And finally, we know that a line equals 180 degrees. This means that, in order to find angle a, we can say: a+25+85=180 a+110=180 a=70 So our final answer is C. As we said before, this question is representative of most line and angle problems you’ll see on the test. Based on your givens, you must use your knowledge of opposite angles (opposite angles are equal) and your knowledge of the degree measure of a line (a line is 180 degrees) in order to put together all the clues and solve your problem. The other kind of line and angle problem you may see will involve triangles. In these questions, you must not only put together multiple pieces of angle knowledge, but triangle knowledge as well. Generally, you will not need to know more than the fact that all the interior angles in a triangle add up to 180 degrees, but check out our guide to SAT triangles if you are rusty on your triangle geometry(coming soon!). Because we are told that lines l and m are parallel, we can guess that our answer likely has something to do with opposite interior angles. We also know that, to equal 180 degrees, our angles must either complete a triangle or a straight line. With those clues in mind, let’s go through our answer choices. Option A gives us k,n, and r. We know from our opposite interior angles that k and r are equal, and that n, s, and t are equal, but this information helps us complete neither a triangle nor a straight line. We can eliminate answer choice A. Answer choice B gives us k,p, and s. Again, from our opposite interior angle knowledge, we know that k and r are equal, and that n, s, and t are all equal. Because s=n, we can form a triangle with our given angles. And because s=t, p is given, and opposite interior angle equalities means that k is equal to the unknown angle counterclockwise above t, then our known values can also form a straight line of 180 degrees. Whether they are forming a triangle or a straight line, we can find 180 with the given angles of k,p, and s. We can stop here; we found our solution. Our final answer is B. You can see here that the lynchpin for solving the problem was in your understanding that opposite interior angles are equal. And though you could have also found your required 180 degree measurement using a straight line (as we did above), it was faster to use the triangle. For both ease of problem solving and knowing how to solve the more complex geometry problems, your knowledge of lines and angles should definitely be supplemented with triangle study. So don’t forget to brush up on your SAT triangles!(coming soon!) Let's take a look at the tips for unlocking SAT angle problems. Tips for Solving a Line and/or Angle Problem As you saw in the earlier examples, most line and angle problems require you to go through multiple steps before you find the right answer. And most of the time, you must solve the question piece by piece in order to unlock the final solution. As you go through this process, keep in mind these three tips: 1) Write in your givens If you are given a diagram in which your givens are NOT written in, then write them in yourself! Sometimes, seeing the numbers on the page can make all the difference in the world between a difficult problem and an easy one. You’ll also be far less likely to mix up your numbers and variables if you keep your work on the page instead of in your head. 2) Work from your givens to find the next puzzle piece Sometimes, it can be tricky to know where or when or in what order to work through a problem. Take a moment to find what you can before you worry about how to go forward. If you have opposite angles, write in the measure of the angle opposite you're given. If you have angles that make a straight line, find the value of the missing variable. Immediately find the missing pieces that you can, and that information will often lead you straight to your solution. 3) If necessary, use plugging in answers or plugging in numbers If you find yourself stuck (or there is literally no other way to solve the problem), then whip out your PIA or PIN knowledge. Sometimes the process can be slower than a straight solve, but these strategies will almost always get you where you need to go and so can be worth the extra seconds. Ready, set...go! Let's test that newfound knowledge! Test Your Knowledge 1) 2) 3) 4) Answers: A, D, A, D Answer Explanations: 1) This is a question that cannot be solved without using plugging in answers. We can see that x, y, y, and y all make up a straight line (which equals 180 degrees). So let us express that as an equation. x+3y=180 Now, we have no other information (other that that x and y are both integers), from the problem, so now we must look to the answers. Let us start with the answers that end in 0 as those are easiest to work with. If these do not work, then we can eliminate them and try the answers that end in 5. Let’s begin by plugging in our middle value, C, in place of x. If x=40, then: 40+3y=180 3y=140 y=46.67 140 is not evenly divisible by 3, so we can eliminate answer choice C. Let us now try answer choice A, x=30. 30+3y=180 3y=150 y=50 When x=30, both x and y are integers. This fulfils our question premise and so is our correct answer choice. Our final answer is A, x=30 2) Let us solve this question by finding the values of all the angles we can. Angle a is opposite the 60 degree angle, and so angle a=60. We can also see that angles a and b are supplementary, as they form a straight line. This means that: a+b=180 60+b=180 b=120 We can also see that angle e is supplementary with the 70 degree angle. So: e+70=180 e=110 Now, we need only find angles c and d. From our knowledge of triangles (coming soon!), we know that the interior degrees of a triangle add up to 180 degrees. So angle c must be: c+60+70=180 c=50 And because c and d form a straight line and are therefore supplementary, we can find angle d by saying: c+d=180 50+d=180 d=130 Which means, that of all the degree measurements that we found (a=60, b=120, c=50, d=130, and e=110), angle d is the largest. Our final answer is D, d. 3) Because we are told that lines l and m are parallel, we can guess that this problem likely involves opposite interior angles. Because we are familiar with our opposite angles and our opposite interior angles, we can see that angles s, u, and t are all equal. We can also see that angles r and s are supplementary, as they form a straight line. And if r=91, then let us find angle s: r+s=180 91+s=180 s=89 We already said that angles s, u, and t are equal, so they are all equal to 89 degrees. For the final step, we must add t and u. So: t+u = 89+89=178 So our final answer is A, 178. 4) In this question, we are working with multiple variables. Luckily, we can find our value for x and then use it to find our y value. The angle measures 4x and 2x make a straight line, so they are supplementary. This means that: 4x+2x=180 6x=180 x=30 Now, we can find y by using our x value in one of two wayseither because angle y is opposite (and therefore equal) to angle 2x or because angle y makes a straight line with 4x (and is therefore supplementary). So we can say that: y=2x y=2(30) y=60 Or, we can say that: y+4x=180 y+4(30)=180 y+120=180 y=60 Either way, our answer is y=60. So our final answer is D. Whoo! Your brain is on fire (in a purely metaphorical and non-lethal way, of course). The Take-Aways Lines and angles are often simpler than you may think. The tricky thing about these types of questions is generally in the number of steps it takes to get to the final answer. Just remember your equalities, keep your work organized, and do your best to avoid careless errors. Once you’ve locked down lines and angles, you will be well equipped to take on the more and more complex geometry problems the SAT can put in front of you. What’s Next? Raring to go and learn more about the many SAT math topics you'll see on the test? Well you're in luck! We've got guides upon guides on all the topicsyou'll need to know in order to rock the SAT math section, including probability, ratios, advanced integers, and more. Don't know where to start? Make sure you have set a realistic goal for yourself and understand how your scores currently stack up. Think you need a tutor? Check out how to find the right tutor for your needs, whether online or in person. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: