Living Waters for Thirsty Souls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Living Waters for Thirsty Souls - Essay Example Living water for thirsty souls: unleashing the power of exegetical preaching is comprehensive with example sermons to demonstrate every stride of this method (McMickle 46). Interaction and Dialog with these Concerns from Individual Experience I have attended sermons more than a few times when I visit a chapel. I have listened to sermons that were sometimes distorted and proposed something impractical at some instances. As I read â€Å"Living Water for Thirsty Souls: Unleashing the Power of Exegetical Preaching† I found out that these preachers did not use a line of attack that could make whatever they were preaching as practical and realistic as possible. They tried too hard to make things fit into some contexts that made people wonder whether the examples that were provided really applied to what was in the scripture. After reading the book, I learnt that almost all the sermons that I had attended did not utilize even a quarter of what McMickle come up with in his approach (M cMickle 65). The sermons had no type of limitations. This made the preachers to go out of context and confuse the individuals attending the sermon, me included. The preachers sometimes totally lost the audience's attention to the sermon by going out of topic and confusing it even further by not going back to what they had been initially preaching. This hindered me personally from getting any type of lesson from the sermon, which, I felt, was quite unfair to me, as well as to the congregation. I believe that â€Å"Living Water for Thirsty Souls: Unleashing the Power of Exegetical Preaching† is valuable when it uses the strategy of putting limits to the sermon, so that they can fit well with whatever the scriptures say. A lesson can be learnt from the sermon effectively, and at the same time without struggles to learn something from the sermons offered by priests (McMickle 76). In most of the sermons that I attended, sometimes I would find myself lost among the literature that was being presented for a particular sermon. This is because the preacher would read from the literature that was not related to the sermon at all. This is not good for any sermon because I felt that literature presented toward the congregation ought to be relevant and related to the sermon as a whole. I felt at most of the sermons I attended that I had not learnt anything because of the literature ignorance and the lack of its proper presentation. The literature should be totally in line with the sermon being presented to the congregation. For the better comprehension and easier understanding of the literature it must be explained in depth (McMickle 87). During sermons, a number of preachers utilize a number of expressions and words that have different meanings; sometimes I felt that sermons were misinterpreted. I attended sermons and found it hard sometimes to follow it because of the language that was utilized in the sermons, or the manner the preacher interpreted the scriptures to us. The interpretations would not fit the context of the literature of the scriptures. This made me spend time on trying to figure out why the preacher had come to such an interpretation instead of concentrating on the message that was being passed on by the preacher. I believe that preachers ought to utilize good interpretations and even

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay Professional development is the skill and knowledge that we gain to optimize our personal development. Planning is the tool to enhance our ability to achieve a particular goal in a set amount of time. College degrees and coursework, attending conferences, training sessions are all different types of learning opportunities for our professional development. First we have to have a desire for career endurance and personal growth. In this process we have goals which we want to achieve some are short term goals and some are long term. As a teacher I am dedicated to learning and have made a lifelong commitment to education and want to bring a positive social change which will enhance the beauty of educational system on the early childhood level. As a teacher we create an individualized professional development plan based on the age of students in our classroom. As a Montessori teacher I have a belief that I can plan a better curriculum for early ages by merging Montessori philosophy and traditional styles of teaching according to the state content standards. This is my long-term goal to be a academic director on state level for early childhood. But to achieve this long-term goal I have to focus my own professional development which I can gain by updating my skills, and get to know the new material and to get the knowledge which reflects changes in educational theory. My short term goal is to gain more and more knowledge not only about education but about the environment, social changes, cultural differences which affect the educational system. I can achieve all this by doing my PH.D in educational psychology. Because it is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. This will also help me to enhance the healthy development of learning or mental health of children, adolescents and adults. This degree will also help in my long term goal to prepare myself as a facilitating learner, faces emotional, and  behavioral difficulties in more professional manner. Furthermore, degree emphasis on theory, research and evidence-based practices subscribes to the scientist-practitioner model in the practice of psychology, which is reflected in the academic requirements. It includes the study of human development from diverse lenses such as biological, cognitive behavioral, socio-cultural, ecological, and educational perspectives. Another emphasis of this degree is an in depth knowledge of the scientific literature and its applications in the areas of psychology, especially different aspects of human development, motivation, learning processes, therapeutic approaches, and human diversity. With all this knowledge and information I will be a better writer and a r esearcher because my main focus of my research is early childhood and its issues. References: http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics.htm?education-professional-development# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology http://coe.wayne.edu/tbf/edp/phd-school/index.php

Eulogy for my Loving Mother :: essays research papers

Good afternoon, let me just start by saying that the kindness, support, friendship, and love extended to me and my family during this difficult time has really touched my heart- we are sincerely appreciative! During the last moments of my mother’s life she was surrounded by loved ones, as she slowly slipped away into the morning with grace and peace. I can’t begin to express how hard it is for me to stand here before you and give my last respects to my loving mother - name here. From the biography that was handed out you can recall that during the her early years in the united states she studied and worked in New York where she met and married my dad, the love of her life. They spent the rest of their days loyal and in love with one another. Unfortunately, one day my father passed away with cancer at a young age. My dad was the one who suffered the most, but my mom suffered right along with him. She felt powerless, and for my mom- powerlessness turned in to guilt and grief, a painful distress she lived with on a daily basis for the next six years. When he died part of her died! Life for her was never the same again. I was not able to completely understand her loss- until now†¦ Throughout my life my mom has always been selfless and generous- especially when it came to her children and grandchildren†¦ ever putting her self last! SHE WAS MY EVERYTHING†¦ Unlike my sister, I was the one that gave my parents their grey hair†¦ It took me longer than most to mature, and the truth is- that’s putting it mildly. Yet through all the ups and downs, and all the times I would end up disappointing her expectations of me, one thing NEVER changed and that was her belief in me†¦ because of her unconditional love I am the person that I am today†¦ her reassurance and patience made all the difference. Because of her active involvement in my life and Eileen’s she became known to our friends as â€Å"Mama†. Where ever we would go- she would go with us, that’s just the way it was†¦ she got so close to our friends that they formed their own friendship with her.

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Essay -- Economy Economic

The World Bank and The IMF: Twins or Rivals? Both institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, were established more than fifty years ago; and the foundations of both were expected to play roles in stabilizing the frustrated global economy and aiding post-war European countries as well as other developing countries for economic progress. In the first three decades, both institutions had their own respective functions and extensively engaged in different economic and financial activities. In general, the World Bank primarily concentrated on making long term loans to finance infrastructural projects in developing countries, as the IMF mainly provided economic consultation as well as short-term loans to both developed and developing countries (Driscoll). However, the distinctive differences started disappearing since the beginning of 1970s, as both began to involve in more and more similar economic activities. As such, these overlapping activities blurred the functions between the two institutions, in which ca se a restructuring reform might be required to avoid potential conflicts. Although both organizations were not identical twins as they were born in the first place, the relationship between them was very close. According to the World Bank’s article of agreement, â€Å"in order for a country to be able to become a member of the Bank, it must be a member of the Fund† (Polak 1). There are two reasons behind this rule: First, it can prevent free ridership that could possibly enables members of one organization to misuse their rights in the world monetary market. Second, it is widely believed that a good lending of the World Bank heavily depended on a country’s stable monetary market, which can be secured by... ...hirty years. Today, although they are facing certain critiques for some of their inconsistent policies that are not accepted by some economists, both are striving for a common goal to achieve the establishment of the stability in the world economy as well as the entire global economic wealth. Works Cited Driscoll, David. D. â€Å"The IMF and The World Bank: How Do They Differ?† Aug. 1996. 23 Nov. 2002. Moffitt, Michael. The World’s Money. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Naim, Moises. â€Å"Fad and Fashions in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?† 26 Oct. 1999. 20 Nov. 2002. Polak, Jacques J. The World Bank and The IMF: A Changing Relationship. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994.

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay

Drug abuse and addiction are a major burden to society. Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction — that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicted to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its ‘normal’ functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term â€Å"substance abuse† is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include: Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing

WHAT'S NON-LINEAR EDITING? Editing film on a flatbed or workbench is basically non-linear editing. That is, the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end, and changes can be made in the cut anywhere at any time. Contrast this with editing on video, where an editor must begin the cut at the beginning of the program and lay down shots in story order. Often an project edited in this way must make several versions of the program an "off-line" edit, where the basic decisions of the cut are made, and then an "on-line" edit, which includes all the bells and whistles of the edit dissolves, wipes, etc. Similarly, a film editor must make all his or her decisions without benefit of these effects, marking the work-print edit with grease pencil where the dissolves are supposed to go. The film editor has the benefits of being able to break a splice in half and make changes in the middle of the film edit, but has the disadvantages of having to keep track of thousands of little film trims. Non-Linear Editing, in the context of computer editing, is to film and video editing what the word processor was to the typewriter. Non-linear editing offers the best of both the film and video worlds..and more. The benefits of Non-linear editors (NLE) are greater than I could explain in one article. A NLE allow you to make changes in your edit anywhere at any time. A NLE can easily save multiple cuts of one program. A NLE can save hours of work logging and ar chiving footage. A NLE can remember and undo your recent edits that you aren't happy with. A NLE can generate an Edit Decision List (EDL) for film (a "cut list") or video to be sent to a negative conformer or in the case of video, can be imported into a n edit controller. Most NLE's use all digital sound. Many NLE's allow you to do titles generation, dissolves, wipes, video and 3D effects, and other custom effects on-the-fly or in real time. Many NLE's allow you to convert to and fr... Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing Free Essays on Non-Linear Editing WHAT'S NON-LINEAR EDITING? Editing film on a flatbed or workbench is basically non-linear editing. That is, the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end, and changes can be made in the cut anywhere at any time. Contrast this with editing on video, where an editor must begin the cut at the beginning of the program and lay down shots in story order. Often an project edited in this way must make several versions of the program an "off-line" edit, where the basic decisions of the cut are made, and then an "on-line" edit, which includes all the bells and whistles of the edit dissolves, wipes, etc. Similarly, a film editor must make all his or her decisions without benefit of these effects, marking the work-print edit with grease pencil where the dissolves are supposed to go. The film editor has the benefits of being able to break a splice in half and make changes in the middle of the film edit, but has the disadvantages of having to keep track of thousands of little film trims. Non-Linear Editing, in the context of computer editing, is to film and video editing what the word processor was to the typewriter. Non-linear editing offers the best of both the film and video worlds..and more. The benefits of Non-linear editors (NLE) are greater than I could explain in one article. A NLE allow you to make changes in your edit anywhere at any time. A NLE can easily save multiple cuts of one program. A NLE can save hours of work logging and ar chiving footage. A NLE can remember and undo your recent edits that you aren't happy with. A NLE can generate an Edit Decision List (EDL) for film (a "cut list") or video to be sent to a negative conformer or in the case of video, can be imported into a n edit controller. Most NLE's use all digital sound. Many NLE's allow you to do titles generation, dissolves, wipes, video and 3D effects, and other custom effects on-the-fly or in real time. Many NLE's allow you to convert to and fr...

Lines and Angles in SAT Math Prep and Review

Lines and Angles in SAT Math Prep and Review SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Knowing your lines and angles is crucial for mastering SAT and is one of the foundational steps of geometry. Before you can tackle some of the more complex multi-shape problems that often appear towards the end of the test, you’ll need to know just how to solve for all your missing angle measures. Almost without fail, there will be exactly two problems on any given SAT on lines and angles (note: these problems are distinct from questions on lines and slopes, which are covered in a separate guide). Though this is a small percentage of the test in and of itself, line and angle knowledge provides the backbone for other geometry problems and so should be ranked high on your studying priorities. This will be your complete guide to lines and angles on the SATwhat they are, how you’ll see them on the test, and how to solve these types of questions to maximize your points on test day. Properties of Lines and Angles Before we get into how lines and angles function, let’s take a second to define what these terms mean. A line is a completely straight marker, meaning it has no curvature. It can either have termination points (and will be called a â€Å"line segment†) or go on infinitely. Its degree measure is always 180 °. Parallel lines are two or more lines that are a set distance apart (equidistant) and never meet. They travel in the same direction continuously. Perpendicular lines meet each other at 90 degree angles. An angle is the meeting of two lines. The measure of how they meet is expressed in degrees, and the point at which they intersect is called the angle’s â€Å"vertex.† Line and Angle Equalities Most of what you’ll need to know about lines and angles on the SAT is when and how they will be equal or supplementary to one another. Equal angles (or lines) are angles (or lines) that have the same measurement. Supplementary angles are angles that add up to 180 degrees. Because all these angles form a straight line and a straight line equals 180 degrees, the three angles are supplementary. Opposite Angles When two (or more) lines intersect, they form a series of opposite angles. Angles that are exactly opposite will always be equal to one another. Now let’s look at an opposite angle SAT problem. Here, you can see that the lines l and k intersect such that the sum of angles p and x make an angle that is exactly opposite angle m. This means that, when we add together angles p and x, their sum will be equal to angle m (because opposite angles are equal). 25+x=40 x=15 So our final answer is A, 15. Opposite Interior Angles When there are two parallel lines that are crossed by another line (called a transversal), the angles on alternate interiors will be equal to one another. And the angles on the same side of the transversal line and the same side of their respective parallel lines will also be equal. That may be difficult to picture, so let’s look at a diagram: (Note: when you are told that two lines are parallel on the SAT math section, the problem will almost always involve opposite interior angles in some way.) Now let’s look at an opposite interior angle SAT problem. We are told that lines l and m are parallel, so that means the three vertical lines are transversals. We can see that the angle to the far left is marked as 89 degrees and it is an opposite interior angle to angle r only. This means that r=89 degrees, as opposite interior angles are equal. So our final answer is A, r. Typical Line and Angle Problems Almost every line and angle problem is given to you as a diagram problem. You will be presented with a series of givens and then told to find a missing value of some kind. Almost always, this requires multiple steps and the use of multiple pieces of line/angle knowledge. For instance: This is a very typical line and angle problem, so let’s go through it. We are told that angle f is 85 degrees. This means we know that angle b is also 85 degrees because it is opposite f and opposite angles are equal. We are also told that c is 25 degrees. This means that g must also be 25 degrees because it is opposite angle c. And finally, we know that a line equals 180 degrees. This means that, in order to find angle a, we can say: a+25+85=180 a+110=180 a=70 So our final answer is C. As we said before, this question is representative of most line and angle problems you’ll see on the test. Based on your givens, you must use your knowledge of opposite angles (opposite angles are equal) and your knowledge of the degree measure of a line (a line is 180 degrees) in order to put together all the clues and solve your problem. The other kind of line and angle problem you may see will involve triangles. In these questions, you must not only put together multiple pieces of angle knowledge, but triangle knowledge as well. Generally, you will not need to know more than the fact that all the interior angles in a triangle add up to 180 degrees, but check out our guide to SAT triangles if you are rusty on your triangle geometry(coming soon!). Because we are told that lines l and m are parallel, we can guess that our answer likely has something to do with opposite interior angles. We also know that, to equal 180 degrees, our angles must either complete a triangle or a straight line. With those clues in mind, let’s go through our answer choices. Option A gives us k,n, and r. We know from our opposite interior angles that k and r are equal, and that n, s, and t are equal, but this information helps us complete neither a triangle nor a straight line. We can eliminate answer choice A. Answer choice B gives us k,p, and s. Again, from our opposite interior angle knowledge, we know that k and r are equal, and that n, s, and t are all equal. Because s=n, we can form a triangle with our given angles. And because s=t, p is given, and opposite interior angle equalities means that k is equal to the unknown angle counterclockwise above t, then our known values can also form a straight line of 180 degrees. Whether they are forming a triangle or a straight line, we can find 180 with the given angles of k,p, and s. We can stop here; we found our solution. Our final answer is B. You can see here that the lynchpin for solving the problem was in your understanding that opposite interior angles are equal. And though you could have also found your required 180 degree measurement using a straight line (as we did above), it was faster to use the triangle. For both ease of problem solving and knowing how to solve the more complex geometry problems, your knowledge of lines and angles should definitely be supplemented with triangle study. So don’t forget to brush up on your SAT triangles!(coming soon!) Let's take a look at the tips for unlocking SAT angle problems. Tips for Solving a Line and/or Angle Problem As you saw in the earlier examples, most line and angle problems require you to go through multiple steps before you find the right answer. And most of the time, you must solve the question piece by piece in order to unlock the final solution. As you go through this process, keep in mind these three tips: 1) Write in your givens If you are given a diagram in which your givens are NOT written in, then write them in yourself! Sometimes, seeing the numbers on the page can make all the difference in the world between a difficult problem and an easy one. You’ll also be far less likely to mix up your numbers and variables if you keep your work on the page instead of in your head. 2) Work from your givens to find the next puzzle piece Sometimes, it can be tricky to know where or when or in what order to work through a problem. Take a moment to find what you can before you worry about how to go forward. If you have opposite angles, write in the measure of the angle opposite you're given. If you have angles that make a straight line, find the value of the missing variable. Immediately find the missing pieces that you can, and that information will often lead you straight to your solution. 3) If necessary, use plugging in answers or plugging in numbers If you find yourself stuck (or there is literally no other way to solve the problem), then whip out your PIA or PIN knowledge. Sometimes the process can be slower than a straight solve, but these strategies will almost always get you where you need to go and so can be worth the extra seconds. Ready, set...go! Let's test that newfound knowledge! Test Your Knowledge 1) 2) 3) 4) Answers: A, D, A, D Answer Explanations: 1) This is a question that cannot be solved without using plugging in answers. We can see that x, y, y, and y all make up a straight line (which equals 180 degrees). So let us express that as an equation. x+3y=180 Now, we have no other information (other that that x and y are both integers), from the problem, so now we must look to the answers. Let us start with the answers that end in 0 as those are easiest to work with. If these do not work, then we can eliminate them and try the answers that end in 5. Let’s begin by plugging in our middle value, C, in place of x. If x=40, then: 40+3y=180 3y=140 y=46.67 140 is not evenly divisible by 3, so we can eliminate answer choice C. Let us now try answer choice A, x=30. 30+3y=180 3y=150 y=50 When x=30, both x and y are integers. This fulfils our question premise and so is our correct answer choice. Our final answer is A, x=30 2) Let us solve this question by finding the values of all the angles we can. Angle a is opposite the 60 degree angle, and so angle a=60. We can also see that angles a and b are supplementary, as they form a straight line. This means that: a+b=180 60+b=180 b=120 We can also see that angle e is supplementary with the 70 degree angle. So: e+70=180 e=110 Now, we need only find angles c and d. From our knowledge of triangles (coming soon!), we know that the interior degrees of a triangle add up to 180 degrees. So angle c must be: c+60+70=180 c=50 And because c and d form a straight line and are therefore supplementary, we can find angle d by saying: c+d=180 50+d=180 d=130 Which means, that of all the degree measurements that we found (a=60, b=120, c=50, d=130, and e=110), angle d is the largest. Our final answer is D, d. 3) Because we are told that lines l and m are parallel, we can guess that this problem likely involves opposite interior angles. Because we are familiar with our opposite angles and our opposite interior angles, we can see that angles s, u, and t are all equal. We can also see that angles r and s are supplementary, as they form a straight line. And if r=91, then let us find angle s: r+s=180 91+s=180 s=89 We already said that angles s, u, and t are equal, so they are all equal to 89 degrees. For the final step, we must add t and u. So: t+u = 89+89=178 So our final answer is A, 178. 4) In this question, we are working with multiple variables. Luckily, we can find our value for x and then use it to find our y value. The angle measures 4x and 2x make a straight line, so they are supplementary. This means that: 4x+2x=180 6x=180 x=30 Now, we can find y by using our x value in one of two wayseither because angle y is opposite (and therefore equal) to angle 2x or because angle y makes a straight line with 4x (and is therefore supplementary). So we can say that: y=2x y=2(30) y=60 Or, we can say that: y+4x=180 y+4(30)=180 y+120=180 y=60 Either way, our answer is y=60. So our final answer is D. Whoo! Your brain is on fire (in a purely metaphorical and non-lethal way, of course). The Take-Aways Lines and angles are often simpler than you may think. The tricky thing about these types of questions is generally in the number of steps it takes to get to the final answer. Just remember your equalities, keep your work organized, and do your best to avoid careless errors. Once you’ve locked down lines and angles, you will be well equipped to take on the more and more complex geometry problems the SAT can put in front of you. What’s Next? Raring to go and learn more about the many SAT math topics you'll see on the test? Well you're in luck! We've got guides upon guides on all the topicsyou'll need to know in order to rock the SAT math section, including probability, ratios, advanced integers, and more. Don't know where to start? Make sure you have set a realistic goal for yourself and understand how your scores currently stack up. Think you need a tutor? Check out how to find the right tutor for your needs, whether online or in person. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Ann Richards Quotes

Ann Richards Quotes Ann Richards was governor of Texas from 1991-1995. When Ann Richards was elected State Treasurer in 1982, she was the first woman elected to statewide office in Texas since Ma Ferguson. Richards was reelected in 1986, unopposed, and then ran for governor in 1990. She came to national prominence with a keynote speech at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. In her 1994 reelection campaign, she lost to George W. Bush, the son of the presidential candidate shed skewered in 1988. Selected Ann Richards Quotations Im not afraid to shake up the system, and the government needs more shaking up than any other system I know. I have very strong feelings about how you lead your life. You always look ahead, you never look back. The here and now is all we have, and if we play it right its all well need. I have always had the feeling I could do anything and my dad told me I could. I was in college before I found out he might be wrong. They blame the low income women for ruining the country because they are staying home with their children and not going out to work. They blame the middle income women for ruining the country because they go out to work and do not stay home to take care of their children. I feel very strongly that change is good because it stirs up the system. I did not want my tombstone to read, She kept a really clean house. I think Id like them to remember me by saying, She opened government to everyone. Ive always said that in politics, your enemies cant hurt you, but your friends will kill you. Teaching was the hardest work I had ever done, and it remains the hardest work I have done to date. Let me tell you, sisters, seeing dried egg on a plate in the morning is a lot dirtier than anything Ive had to deal with in politics. Power is what calls the shots, and power is a white male game. If you think taking care of yourself is selfish, change your mind. If you dont, youre simply ducking your responsibilities. Im really glad that our young people missed the Depression, and missed the great big war. But I do regret that they missed the leaders that I knew. Leaders who told us when things were tough, and that we would have to sacrifice, and these difficulties might last awhile. They didnt tell us things were hard for us because we were different, or isolated, or special interests. They brought us together and they gave us a sense of national purpose. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] I have a real soft spot in my heart for librarians and people who care about books. You can put lipstick and earrings on a hog and call it Monique, but its still a pig. Women elected Bill Clinton this time. He acknowledges it, the country acknowledges it, and the columnists acknowledge it, and when you have that kind of political clout, you can effect change and do it well. And Im real proud to have been a part of that. I get a lot of cracks about my hair, mostly from men who dont have any. Let me tell you that I am the only child of a very rough-talking father. So dont be embarrassed about your language. Ive either heard it or I can top it. The public does not like you to mislead or represent yourself to be something youre not. And the other thing that the public really does like is the self-examination to say, you know, Im not perfect. Im just like you. They dont ask their public officials to be perfect. They just ask them to be smart, truthful, honest, and show a modicum of good sense. I believe in recovery, and I believe that as a role model I have the responsibility to let young people know that you can make a mistake and come back from it. There is a lot more to life than just struggling to make money. I thought I knew Texas pretty well, but I had no notion of its size until I campaigned it. Women, it was painfully clear, werent going to be allowed to use their brains and I certainly wanted to use mine. [Ive] been tested by fire and the fire lost. I hope all the WASP present and past will fly high on wings of our pride in their service ... you have my profound gratitude for the legacy you have given to us and the legacy you pass on to young women today. [about the Women Airforce Service Pilots] I believe Mama would have liked to have had more children, but times were hard and I was the only one. Daddy had the fear maybe that fear is indigenous to the Depression generation that he wouldnt be able to afford all the things he wanted to give me, and he wanted to give me everything hed never had. So they never had another child. Poor George, he cant help it. He was born with a silver foot in his mouth. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] I am delighted to be here with you this evening because after listening to George Bush all these years, I figured you needed to know what a real Texas accent sounds like. [1988 keynote address, Democratic National Convention] On How to Be a Good Republican: [excerpts] You have to believe that those privileged from birth achieve success all on their own.You have to be against all government programs, but expect Social Security checks on time.You have to believe...everything Rush Limbaugh says.You have to believe society is color-blind and growing up black in America doesnt diminish your opportunities, but you still wont vote for Alan Keyes.You have to be against government interference in business until your oil company, corporation or Savings and Loan is about to go broke and you beg for a government bailout.You have to believe a poor, minority student with a disciplinary history and failing grades will be admitted into an elite private school with a $1,000 voucher. Most of all, I remember those children in the classrooms and those kids who grabbed me around the knees, and I think of the old people who really need a voice when theyre trapped in wheelchairs in dirty nursing homes. The person in this office really must have a conscience to know that how they direct this government dramatically affects the lives of those people. Jill Buckley on Ann Richards: Shes sort of the female good old boy. You paid the price to some degree. You lost the governorship of Texas because this country still is a little bit schizoid, isn’t it, about the role of women in American politics? [1996 question of newsman Tom Brokaw to Ann Richards] More Womens Quotes: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z Explore Womens Voices and Womens History Womens Voices - About Womens QuotesBiographies of WomenToday in Womens HistoryWomens History Home About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Ann Richards Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/a/ann_richards.htm . Date accessed: (today). (More on how to cite online sources including this page)

Liberal Arts Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Liberal Arts Education - Essay Example The true meaning of positive aspect can only be understood when one knows what the negative aspect is. Even by the spiritual considerations, the march is from ‘darkness to light.’ Without darkness, light has no existence. However, Liberal Arts offer a genuine challenge to the formal graduation courses. Liberal Arts Education permits a student to do want one wants, to pursue his choices, and to achieve in life the desired goal. Success or failures do not matter much and the process of living with your own crafted discipline with which you challenge your ambitions is really important. The Liberal Arts teach us as to how to be who we really are. This education process is like self-realization in the vocation of one’s choice. Many courses taught in the universities are just the suffixes after the names of those students who make them. There exist numerous Universities that proudly own directionless and destination-less courses, which are of no use in real-life situations. For example, a MBA in business management will not be able to run a corner shop selling hamburgers successfully! With the exception of accounting, business school is an absolute fraud. Mark Edmundson argues, â€Å"Education has one salient enemy in present-day America, and that enemy is education—university education in particular. To almost everyone, university education is a means to an end. For students, that end is a good job. Students want the credentials that will help them get ahead.†(116) He will be a successful MBA if he is able to outsmart another MBA in the competin g organization. Means, whether they are fair or foul, are of no consequence in the race for profiteering! A divorce in marriage spoils personal lives, besides that of children. A divorce in career destroys the inner world of an individual, as one is required to do something, which one does not really like. Most students who go to the College

The Development of Islamic Law and its Role in Contemporary Pakistan Research Paper

The Development of Islamic Law and its Role in Contemporary Pakistan - Research Paper Example Despite a long Islamic history, the role that Islamic law plays in the country is still being determined. This can be seen in the way that the Islamic Pakistan has formed and matured, the turbulent leadership that the country has experienced and the attempt to realign Pakistani values and law with Islamic. Thus, Pakistan is not an area of unshakeable values and truths, but of ever-changing and developing ideals and laws. The Development of Islamic Pakistan To understand the role that Islamic law plays in contemporary Pakistan, the first aspect is to consider the way in which Pakistan has developed, and what has influenced Pakistani laws. Pakistan is a rapidly growing country that once was predominately agricultural, however, now other aspects of industry are beginning to take precedence. In particular, exports are predominately textile, clothing and agricultural in nature. Pakistan is considered to be a middle-income country, but despite its considerable economic growth social progre ss has been much slower (Talbot, 1998, p. 23). The most well-known example of this is the rights of women, who are treated as second-class citizens in Pakistan and have restricted rights. Other indications of the slow progress that the country has been making include the life expectancy, which is currently 66.35 years and the fact that less than three percent of the country’s gross domestic product is spent on healthcare (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). It is thought that part of the driving force behind this slow civil growth is the strong focus on religion and tendency to get involved in religious politics. This can be seen by a strong focus on spending in defense, despite the clear inadequacies in health and education spending (Talbot, 1998, p. 23). Pakistan achieved independence from Britain in the early years after the Second World War. From this point onwards, the nation called itself The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Korson, 1974, p. 1). Pakistan presents an intere sting case in the eastern world, as the nation was initially developed in the name of religion, despite the concept that such nationalism was un-Islamic and represented a betrayal to the ideas and ideas of Islam (Talbot, 1998, p. 12). Thus, Islamic religion has always played an important role in the development of the country, although the exact role has varied as different governments have come into power. In fact, the development of Islam as the ideology for the state was not initially undertaken because of a desire to follow Islamic teaching. Instead, Pakistan’s leaders used this as a method of developing and growing the identity of the country following its independence (Haqqani, 2004). Because of this, Islam was not a strong focus of the laws of the country in its early development. Nevertheless, Islamic perceptions have become strongly embedded in the history of Pakistan and in its current identity, particularly in recent times. The values of Pakistan, which have influe nced the development of the country as a whole as well as its laws, are strongly based in the Islamic religion (Talbot, 1998, p. 24). Islam is more than a religion that the country abides by, its language and rhetoric has been strongly incorporated into the law. This incorporation has been so strong

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

HRD - Essay Example Recruitment can be defined as the process of inviting people on a timely manner, in adequate numbers, with suitable qualifications, and then inspiring them to apply for positions with a company or firm. Thus, internet recruiting may be defined as the act of utilizing the internet to identify individuals who are actively searching for jobs and people also content with the immediate positions; passive job seekers. Internet recruiting is a field of dynamic growth and relentless change which has given way to a dynamic mega-rich industry. The involvement of the internet in the recruitment process, does not change the meaning of the process, however, terms in the definition may assume different meanings (Harvey et. al 91). For example, the timely manner may mean several months in the traditional recruitment approach while in the internet recruitment may mean some weeks or days. Both employers and employees are approving the internet as the new way of recruiting, and this inclination may po ssibly shift to an advanced stage in the future. The internet presents many advantages to the recruitment process. Internet recruitment has changed the recruitment setting. Its effect has already produced unparalleled volumes of time and costs savings. One advantage of internet recruiting is that it effortlessly reaches the exact audience and prunes it down to attain the number of qualified applicants only. Internet recruitment has numerous tools to extend the scope of the exploration then ascertain and categorize the almost infinite number of job seekers resulting in a group of highly-qualified candidates. Past studies state that most applicants who utilize internet recruitment are well educated, more techno-savvy, young and portray interest for the organization (Bunting 97). Internet recruitment has also offered organizations several choices from an exceptionally large number of links

Dimensions of Community Environmental Health Essay

Dimensions of Community Environmental Health - Essay Example Alcohol intake is a personal choice and the character exhibits the effect of this poison on his physical strength as well as his personality. Steady drinking of alcohol for a long period of time results in the dependence of the brain and also leads to withdrawal manifestation during episodes of abstinence. Alcoholism is a major health hazard and affects normal brain’s chemistry, blood flow to frontal lobes and the nerve cells. Over time, neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine is depleted leading to mood problems, physical weakness, liver pathologies and increasing dependence (A.D.A.M) Smoking is another example of a voluntary source of health hazard that has an effect both on the environment and public health. The tobacco smoke contains 43 carcinogens which are known out of the thousands of chemicals present in it. Although, smokers are exposed to high incidence of lung cancer, voice changes, and other health hazards, but the people who are exposed to the smoke are also at risk. Lung cancer can also occur in non-smokers who are exposed to the tobacco smoke, and it can lead to childhood disorder such as bronchitis and heart disease (Brownson, Eriksen, Davis and Warner 163). Because of the very strong carcinogenic effects, public health measures have progressed over the years. This has resulted in workplace restrictions to smoking, bans on public smoking and even voluntary measures taken in private industries.

Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Truth - Essay Example However, diverse the topic of truth, a measure of its boundaries and applications is imperative but logically unattainable. Knowledge in philosophy denotes justified true belief. In trying to explain epistemology, philosophers developed different ideologies. The use of perception in relation to sense data to determine knowledge and, therefore, truth has yielded a lot of debate. For instance, direct realism holds that, the world consists of mind independent physical objects. Through perception, an individual is directly aware of the independent objects. Then comes the science that states, what we perceive as an object is but a reflection of light. Scientists justify their claim beyond a reasonable doubt, in which case the absence of light is equal to the inability to see the object. Perception is, however, not dependent on one sense for humans have an abundance of five. For instance, in the dark one can still hear when he bumps into the object, feel its texture and approximate its siz e (touch), taste the surface and take in its scent (smell). Indirect realism tries to distinguish objects that are physically real and objects perceived by the mind. Indirect realists achieve this by assuming that humans are indirectly aware of mind independent objects. Study of the human mind has revealed that there are states in which the mind cannot distinguish true perceptions from false perceptions. Such states include illusions, dreams and other phenomena such as hallucinations which are real to minds as if they were in normal states. These states, therefore, disclaim the validity of both direct and indirect realism. This, in summary, dictates that the minds interpretation of the light ergo the object and in extension truth is as far as the individual mind perceives. Idealism holds that all physical objects are nothing more than just a collection of sensory ideas. In light of this, idealist can contradictorily say that 1) we are perceptually aware of actual physical things, bu t 2) all experiences are experiences of mental representations. Justification and belief are not enough to make a premise true as mentioned earlier. This insufficiency results in the Gettier problem. Philosophers try to solve this problem for instance, some theorists suggest redefining reliability. Nonetheless, the state of the mind controls the senses in which case truth still relies on an individual’s perception, however, fallible. What then are universal truths? Are all human minds playing a universal trick? Truth is the relation between a thing, state of affairs and their supporting evidence. The statement made is as a result of thought and judgment which require logical constructs to determine, in which case appeal to logos is eminent. Many intellectuals see Correspondence theory as dependent on conforms of external reality, ergo, metaphysics. To justify a preposition P as there has to exist a balanced equation between the components of preposition A and intellect. The b alance of this equation does not restrict to objects and facts hence can apply to feelings, emotion, and people just but a few. Correspondence theory can describe two approaches of truth namely object based and fact based. Object-based correspondence summarizes judgment (in relation to an object) as true only if associate predicates correspond to the object. Noted, two accounts in regard to predicate associations are pertinent a) forming a reference relation and b) forming a correspondence relation. In summary, believes hold true if corresponding facts remain valid and false when corresponding facts are void. The correspondence theory to a considerable extent is a defense for metaphysical realism. However, all knowledge has a foundation in which

Dimensions of Community Environmental Health Essay

Dimensions of Community Environmental Health - Essay Example Alcohol intake is a personal choice and the character exhibits the effect of this poison on his physical strength as well as his personality. Steady drinking of alcohol for a long period of time results in the dependence of the brain and also leads to withdrawal manifestation during episodes of abstinence. Alcoholism is a major health hazard and affects normal brain’s chemistry, blood flow to frontal lobes and the nerve cells. Over time, neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine is depleted leading to mood problems, physical weakness, liver pathologies and increasing dependence (A.D.A.M) Smoking is another example of a voluntary source of health hazard that has an effect both on the environment and public health. The tobacco smoke contains 43 carcinogens which are known out of the thousands of chemicals present in it. Although, smokers are exposed to high incidence of lung cancer, voice changes, and other health hazards, but the people who are exposed to the smoke are also at risk. Lung cancer can also occur in non-smokers who are exposed to the tobacco smoke, and it can lead to childhood disorder such as bronchitis and heart disease (Brownson, Eriksen, Davis and Warner 163). Because of the very strong carcinogenic effects, public health measures have progressed over the years. This has resulted in workplace restrictions to smoking, bans on public smoking and even voluntary measures taken in private industries.

Alignment of Academic standards with ELL Proficiency standards Essay

Alignment of Academic standards with ELL Proficiency standards - Essay Example The state and federal government have provided money to aid in the education of students with disabilities (Arizona Department of Education, 2008). President Bush in 2000 proposed what is famously known as â€Å"No Child is Left Behind,† which needed all students to meet or attain set strict standards. The federal policy stated in the no child is left behind that ELL students be included in State assessments and measure or assess the language proficiency of students with reliable, valid assessments in areas reading and writings skills and oral language. In addition, the educators were to consider comprehension, reading, writing, listening and speaking skills of students. These assessments were to help students gain academic achievements as required by States. The main objectives of these assessments were to be designed to assess academic English. Under the no child is left behind act, it was stated that all students had the ability to reach their minimum competency level as long as the teachers were committed to their work. According to Arizona Department of Education (2008), in most cases standards are defined they are applied as a sieve and expectations are lined on the individual. In public education sector there is the notion that intelligence can be taught in that if the student fails to meet the requirements, the teacher or school is blamed for dismal performance of the student. The state and federal government want to attain standards at all cost but in real sense do not. Arizona department of education states that the main objective is to ensure that high school graduates in the country have rough knowledge and skills they require for a career or college. The converse of this objective should be that those students who do not have skills and knowledge for a career or college would not graduate high school. For instance, if there two tests for certain things and the two tests

Literature and Ideals Essay Example for Free

Literature and Ideals Essay Definition: Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, literature is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Why do we read literature? Literature represents a language or a people: culture and tradition. But, literature is more important than just a historical or cultural artifact. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. We learn about books and literature; we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays; and we may even grow and evolve through our literary journey with books. Ultimately, we may discover meaning in literature by looking at what the author says and how he/she says it. We may interpret the authors message. In academic circles, this decoding of the text is often carried out through the use of literary theory, using a mythological, sociological, psychological, historical, or other approach. Whatever critical paradigm we use to discuss and analyze literature, there is still an artistic quality to the works. Literature is important to us because it speaks to us, it is universal, and it affects us. Even when it is ugly, literature is beautiful. Importance of Literature. It is a curious and prevalent opinion that literature, like all art, is a mere play of imagination, pleasing enough, like a new novel, but without any serious or practical importance. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Literature preserves the ideals of a people; and idealslove, faith, duty, friendship, freedom, reverenceare the part of human life most worthy of preservation. The Greeks were a marvelous people; yet of all their mighty works we cherish only a few ideals,ideals of beauty in perishable stone, and ideals of truth in imperishable prose and poetry. It was simply the ideals of the Greeks and Hebrews and Romans, preserved in their literature, which made them what they were, and which determined their value to future generations. Our democracy, the boast of all English-speaking nations, is a dream; not the doubtful and sometimes disheartening spectacle presented in our legislative halls, but the lovely and immortal ideal of a free and equal manhood, preserved as a most precious heritage in every great literature from the Greeks to the Anglo-Saxons. All our arts, our sciences, even our inventions are founded squarely upon ideals; for under every invention is still the dream of Beowulf, that man may overcome the forces of nature; and the foundation of all our sciences and discoveries is the immortal dream that men shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. In a word, our whole civilization, our freedom, our progress, our homes, our religion, rest solidly upon ideals for their foundation. Nothing but an ideal ever endures upon earth. It is therefore impossible to overestimate the practical importance of literature, which preserves these ideals from fathers to sons, while men, cities, governments, civilizations, vanish from the face of the earth. It is only when we remember this that we appreciate the action of the devout Mussulman, who picks up and carefully preserves every scrap of paper on which words are written, because the scrap may perchance contain the name of Allah, and the ideal is too enormously important to be neglected or lost.

Meritocracy: Definition, concepts and ideology

Meritocracy: Definition, concepts and ideology Meritocracy as an ideology Meritocracy can refer to an idealised society where discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, gender, age, and other irrelevant characteristics is completely absent. Merit is the encompassing value, the basic and morally correct criterion for any and all social classifications, particularly in respect to socioeconomic standing and in public space. A notion, emphasising societal consensus on the means and processes of selection for particular roles through a system of sifting, sorting, and rewarding talent and ability, motivated by competition for qualifications that in turn structure access to wealth, prestige, and personal satisfaction. It is conceived as a repudiation of systems like aristocracy where individuals inherit their social status. A meritocracy resembles aristocracy in the classical sense of the term meaning â€Å"rule by the best.† What has happened over the centuries, however, is that aristocracy has become associated with hereditary privilege and a rigi d class system. Instead of this, a meritocracy promotes worthy individuals regardless of which social strata they happen to be born in and each individual has good fortune in proportion to the individuals deservingness (Rawls, 1999, Nozick 1974, Miller 1999). IQ tests primarily tap analytical, logic-based reasoning; and surely that kind of cognitive ability is related to performance in many job settings. But other kinds of cognitive ability are also related to performance and thus also represent merit. For instance: imagination, practical sense, and the ability to interpret others perspectives. By the same token, the effort component of Youngs formulation suggests that a number of personality factors may figure into a reasonable conception of merit. For example, being conscientious may enhance job performance. Of course, some individual traits and social skills may be rewarded because they reflect conformity to arbitrary group norms. â€Å"It is not clear why the term merit should be identified so closely with mental ability as distinct from many other conditions and traits that improve the chances of social and economic success† (Hauser et als, 2000, p. 203). David Miller (1996, 300) eluding on Walzer (1983) has indicated that a meritocracy is not only more stable but also more socially just if there are a number of socially recognised forms of merit: ‘economic contribution would be one kind of merit, education and scholarship another, artistic achievement a third, public service yet another, and so forth. However these other conditions and traits do not contribute to a â€Å"fair opportunity†. In Rawls view, the correlation between ones social origins and ones outcome in life is zero in a meritocracy and as long as some form of the family exists in society fair opportunity cannot be achieved as (Rawls 1971, 64). The social context within which individuals grow up influences the achievements of equally competent persons. Success in the labour market is transmitted from parents to children, and the advantages of the children of successful parents go considerably beyond the benefits of the best education, wealth and genetic cognitive ability. Many of the criteria associated with individual talent and effort do not measure the individual in isolation but rather parallel the phenomena associated with aristocracy; what is called individual talent is actually a function of that individuals social position or opportunities gained by virtue of family and ancestry. Among these, for examp le, one might list ambition or drive, perseverance, responsibility, personal attractiveness, and physical or artistic skills or talents, along with access to social support and to favourable social and economic networks and resources. Access to education is partly defined by inheritance as much research has demonstrated (Bowles and Gintis, 2002; Bourdieu and Passeron 1990; Aschaffenburg and Maas 1997; Sacks, 2003; Ballantine 2001). Compiling evidence from other studies Herrnstein concludes that 80% of the differences in IQ among individuals is explained by inherited factors and 15% is explained by environmental factors (Herrnstein 1971, 171). Children from the upper class get upper class education, middle class children get middle class education, working class people get working class education, and poor people get poor education. Privileged young people can perceive reachable goals and develop lofty aspirations because they tend to benefit from high expectations and support networ ks from the family and social milieu, as well as extensive economic and educational resources. Those who have the resources, via their parental background, will move through higher education, get well paid jobs, and postpone family plans until they are well into their thirties, building their financial and cultural capital significantly prior to family formation. Inheritance may provide access to powerful forms of social capital (who you know) and cultural capital (what you know). Bourdieu Passeron (1990) indicate that students who lack the required knowledge and skills with which to successfully navigate the parameters of middle class culture inevitably fail at school. It therefore seems that unequal educational opportunity is the driver of individual achievement. Research shows that as class rises so does the level of education. As a consequence, the expansion of higher education will broaden the gulf between rich and poor (Blanden et al. 2005). So achievement capacities are ascr ibed to social class. Thus, IQ tests measure intelligence as a reflection of inherent intellectual capacity combined with environmental influences. Thus parents can predispose their children to succeed or fail in life as they are a part of the environment that affect the abilities that children attain. Thus the first and foremost among non-merit factors is the effect of social class at birth on future life. Therefore truly equalizing childrens environments in an effort to create a system with equal opportunities for all would mean having to eliminate the family. Meritocracy thus could lead to a hereditary caste system that, far from promoting social mobility, actually makes social advancement nearly impossible for the lower orders. This could be the case if wealth and social position are or primarily distributed by unchangeable genetic characteristics of individuals. This argument can be reworked into the form of a Hernsteins syllogism: If differences in mental abilities are inherited, and If success requires those abilities, and If earnings and prestige depend on success, Then social standing (which reflects earnings and prestige) will be based to some extent on inherited differences among people. (Herrnstein 1971, 197-8) This implies that absolute equality of opportunity is an ideal that cannot be achieved. (Loury 1977, p. 176). For John Rawls, the question of distributive justice is rather different. He is not content to say that any person begins at some point in the process of acquisition and then is merely constrained by a set of rules and procedures to ensure fairness. Rather, the socioeconomic position of the agent is also considered. Rawls bases his query on how the agent is presented with the distribution of talents and social position. His conclusion is that these distributions are accidental and arbitrary. It is an accident that someone is born with whatever natural traits he may possess. The question is raised whether a meritocracy based on natural abilities is thus unfair. Some might contend, for example, that even if we do not deserve our natural abilities it is not unfair if we reap the rewards of those abilities because the system of reward is independent of the system of deserts. However, Rawls makes the case that social position is also random and arbitrary. The fact that natural abilities may or may not be rewarded in that society is an accident. To be rewarded based merely on an accident is not deserved. Thus, a meritocracy that is based on reward from undeserved social position is similarly unfair. Therefore, both natural abilities and social position may not be the basis of distributive justice because they are unfair. The naturally advantaged are not to gain merely because they are more gifted. The individual cannot help how she begins life. Why make her â€Å"pay† for her positive talents and advantages? The rectification of these disparities in Rawls is his difference principle that makes all inequalities subject to the stipulation that the least advantaged will benefit from them.

Ben Jonsons On My First Sonne Essay -- Poem Ben Jonson First Sonne Es

Ben Jonson's On My First Sonne Ben Jonson writes On My First Sonne from a father’s point of view grieving over the death of his very young son. The title alone suggests which time period this poem is from i.e. it is from the 17th century (1603)- when the poet’s son Benjamin died- through the use of language of the time. This poem has been written in memory of a seven year old child whose death has dealt a great blow to a father. Throughout the poem, the use of religious comparisons and words creates a vivid picture of the thoughts running in the mind of Ben Jonson and we know almost exactly what he feels. The inter-relation of father and son in this piece of poetry leads us back to the beginning of the poem. The son, sitting on the right hand of his father, would remind a Christian reader of the Creed, in which the Son 'sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.' What others would interpret from the line-â€Å"Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy;† is that a father is bidding farewell to his most loved one and his heir. Again in line 2, when the poet says â€Å"My sinne was too much hope of thee, lov’d boy†, the poem suggests that Ben had taken his son much for granted as if now he possessed him and so loved him too much. It is ironical as he is comparing the love towards his son as a sin. As mentioned, he now considered that, love, his â€Å"sin† which has a deep meaning from a religious point of view. A sin, in the eye of GOD is a bad deed but in this case means a mistake or an error. The language used, hence in relation with religion, exclaims Ben Jonson’s sorrow and love for the child; despite the fact that he is in a way happy ... ...es of the poem. Contrastingly, in Refugee Mother and Child, the mother still showed her love and affection towards the child in the last few days. She cannot let go as easily. Most mothers would in this situation have lost hope and would have â€Å"ceased / to care†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but not her. She would ‘fight’ this sorrow till the end. Both poems hence clearly depict the true feelings about the death of a child. We get the perspective from two points of view in either case i.e. from a mother’s and a father’s point of view and the feeling before and after the death of a child. The language used is very specific and has been used in the most appropriate contexts. Sorrow and remorse are the main themes of both poems along with death of a child, yet there is another shadow of a theme i.e. the ‘sin’ of loving the child so much which causes almost endless grief in the end.

The Articles of Confederation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States. The Articles took place from March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1788. At the time of the American Revolution, the Articles were written by a committee of the Second Continental Congress. John Dickson was the head of the committee. He presented a report on the proposed articles to the Congress on July 12, 1776. He wanted a strong central government, control over the western lands, equal representation for the states, and the power to levy taxes. A powerful central government was feared by the thirteen states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Dickson’s articles were drastically changed before they sent them to all the states for ratification. The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible and to specify the limited functions of the federal government. Many years passed before the states ratified the articles. Disagreements were made over boundary lines. Decisions were made by state courts, on differing tariff laws, and trade restrictions between the states. The small states wanted equal representation with the large states in Congress, and the large states were afraid they would have to pay an excessive amount of money to support the federal government. The states continued to disagree over control of the western territories. The states wanted the government to control the sale of these territories so that all the states profited. The bordering states wanted to control as much land as they could. The states eventually agreed to give control of all western lands to the federal government, paving the way for final ratification of the articles on March 1, 1781.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government. The national government consisted of a single house of Congress, where each state would have to vote. Out of thirteen states, three would have to give consent so the Congress could borrow money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. The federal government had no judicial authority and Congress only had the judicial authority to arbitrate between states. The Congress denied the power to levy taxes. The new federal government was financed by donations from the states based on the value of each state’s lands. Any amendment to the articles required the unanimous approval of all 13 states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Second Continental Congress wanted to limit the power of the central government so

Natural Resources and Energy Paper

Natural Resources and Energy Paper Spechelle Jones, Cherrie Chicaletto, Robert Hernandez, Jamie Hughes SCI/256 October 13th, 2010 The world is growing at a rate of speed of 2. 8 people per second and losing 1. 6 acres of land per second in accordance with an article last month titled Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Population Growth on the World Population Awareness website. World Population Awareness is an organization concerned with recent problems of as well as solution ideas to popular global warming theories caused directly by overpopulation of the world. (World, 2010).In addition to all natural resources on this planet fading away, there is an ever growing apprehension with the number of species of wildlife and the respective habitats of each. All over the world, nature preservation parks have been constructed just so a small group of people can be accountable to enforce certain guidelines for that preserve which support and ensure safety of life within that area. With more and more natural resources required to maintain our â€Å"natural† function of life, it is inevitable that the natural resources will run out sometime. It is only a question of when.E. O. Wilson said, â€Å"The one process ongoing †¦ that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us. † This theory has been the fuel for the modern â€Å"Go Green† campaign. Individuals everywhere have formed organizations promoting new resources that do not compromise the state of our planet. Ideas are being televised worldwide to educate people and suggest new ways of heating our homes or washing our clothes with a new detergent.With this in mind, it could only be a matter of time before the government requires everyone to follow certain procedures for the disposal of waste or building a house. Suddenly, it just does not seem s o important anymore that the government may be infringing on our rights as an American citizen to force regulatory guidelines. Taking the place of this common concern, is a universal interest and effort to save our planet for the sake of our children. Renewable forest resources are declining due the increased use of nonrenewable forest resources.Coal and natural gas are two examples of nonrenewable forest resources. These resources are nonrenewable because they cannot be recycled. The high abundance of coal and natural gas hit its peak one hundred years ago, after sitting under the earth for more than an estimated one million years. The supply of coal and natural gas is nearly gone due to excessive use of the resources in the past century. The coal and natural gas is not renewable; these resources are causing pollution to the ocean and all waters alike.Extracting natural gas and oil from forests for energy source is convenient to humans, but the environment is suffering as well as t he natural resources that are part of the local ecosystem of the forest. The forest resources were so abundant; however the transformation to these natural lands is irreversible. The forests can provide natural resources for centuries to come (Derr, 2007). Proper management of these resources is necessary for renewable forest resources. Water, air and paper are all examples of renewable forest resources.However, once these resources are polluted by the other resources; it is much more difficult to recycle them. In many cases, it is just too late to recycle those items because of the high amount of pollutant they had sustained. Carbon Dioxide is recycled into clean oxygen by plants and trees. Since many trees are being cut down and burned, more charcoal is being produced; which is a nonrenewable resource. The trees are being cut down, which can leave renewable forest resources.However, many of the trees in these big forests have been growing for thousands of years. The strength and p ower of these trees is impossible to regain. The trees have been putting clean oxygen into the air for thousands of years. New trees begin growing each year with the seeds from those who were cut down. None of those trees will have near the amount of power and/or shelter important to the surrounding ecosystem like those who had been growing for hundreds of years. It is vital to the local ecosystem of the forests that the trees remain.Animals do not want paper for shelter, nor can paper produce clean air to breath. It is important that the natural resources be taken care of, too much of the natural resources are depleting too quickly.References Derr, A. (2007). RENEWABLE RESOURCES. Boys' Life, 97(3), 38. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. World Population Awareness. (2010). Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Population Growth. Retrieved from Google at http://www. overpopulation. org/impact. html. Natural Resources and Energy Paper Natural ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals, and microorganism in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical of the environment which plants and animals are dependent upon one another, and their particular surroundings-for survival. Natural ecosystems make up the planet on which we live as well as the entire universe. They are dynamic and interconnected. An ecosystem is a collection of all plants, animals, microorganisms, bacterium, and fungus as well as the non-living components that function together as one unit in a given area (The Ontario Plan, 2011). Living and non-living things intertwine with each other in a natural ecosystem. San Diego’s wetland is an example of a natural ecosystem. In this paper it will discuss about the effects that a growing human population may have impacted on San Diego’s wetland’s resources, including loss or harm to populations of wild species. It would also discuss one management practice for sustainability and conservation of natural resources. Also to identify the risks and benefits of extracting or using one resource from this ecosystem, or in any areas near this ecosystem. Effects of Human Population Coastal Wetlands are one of many endangered habitat in the world, only next to tropical rain forests. It is said that in the United States there are estimated more than 50% of wetlands have been severely altered or destroyed. San Diego wetland is the most threatened resource on the California coast. By 1900, wetlands have been affected by human activities. Wetlands everywhere have been filled in for human developments such as housing, industrial plants, and airport. They have been dredge for use as canals, waterways, and marinas. Highways are over the streamside canyons and cut right through coastal marshes, causing habitat fragmentation (Sea World, 2002). Loss and harm to population of wild species Between 1990 and 2000 wetland loss was approximately 24 square miles per year, which is one football field lost every 38 minutes. The loss over the next 50 years with current restoration efforts is expected to be 500 square miles. Human activities cause wetland degradation and loss by changing water quality, quantity, or flow rates resulting increasing pollution and change the makeup of species within a habitat. These changes occur when wetland ecosystems are disturbed or non-native species are introduced to a habitat. Wetland plants can suffer as a result of both pollution and hydrologic changes. Other ways wetland plants can be damaged are cattle and other livestock grazing, introduction of non-native plants that compete with native plants and removal of plants to use land for other human development. Management for sustainability and conservation In the 1970s and 80s state and federal agencies, together with many private conservation groups, spent millions of dollars to purchase San Diego County wetlands to establish wildlife preserves. As a result, most of the county’s wetlands are publicly owned. This has largely stopped the filling, dredging, and other direct destruction of the wetlands, but they are still suffering from the erosion and sedimentation caused by upstream development. The City of San Diego has recently restored seven acres of salt marsh on the north end of Mission Bay, which expands the wetlands of Mission Bay Northern Wildlife Preserve. The Southern California Wetlands Recovery Project aims to acquire more than 1,500 acres, and to restore or enhance more than 500. In San Diego County the Project includes 20 acres of restored salt marsh in the Tijuana River Estuary (Sea World, 2002). Nonrenewable and renewable energy Oil and coal are currently the most used forms of nonrenewable energy. Coal is a combustible material that comes from the earth. It is obtained from mining and is the most difficult resource to get. Oil is another combustible energy obtained from drilling, although unlike coal, once the hole is drilled the oil can be pumped out of the hole. This makes it easier and more cost effective to gather oil then coal (Oracle ThinkQuest, 2011). No risk or benefit found by extracting or using a nonrenewable type of resources. Renewable energy is energy that automatically replenishes itself from ongoing natural processes. For example, sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows are creators of usable renewable energy (Oracle ThinkQuest, 2011). Wetlands cannot use any of none or renewable energy because wetlands are very sensitive that anything alien expose or introduce to it would lead fragmentation or even damage. View as multi-pages

Individual’s knowledge of cats Essay

An individual’s knowledge about cats may come from many different places. The basics for someone’s knowledge about cats may have started when they were a child. If they had a bad experience with a cat then they might claim to â€Å"know† that all cats are mean. This could make them believe that cats are mean even though they only had one experience. If they had a cat of their own and loved it very much then they might claim to â€Å"know† that cats are lovable creatures. Another example of us constructing our knowledge of cats is by how we choose our religion. If I decide to worship cats then to me I â€Å"know† that cats are holy. This also brings up the debate that religion is not only a personal choice but also a type of definition. If my religion tells me that cats are holy then that is acquired knowledge and then I am simply recognizing it to be knowledge. Other definitions about cats are scientific experiments that people on them. If cats are proven to have a certain disease then people could say the cats carry disease and be making a valid knowledge claim. This shows that knowledge about cats is neither totally constructed by us nor completely acquired. You can never know everything about cats because experiences, new discoveries, and different emotions can cause you to â€Å"know† something new about them. It shows that depending on the experiences we have and how we perceive information can affect what we think we know about cats. What I know about cats maybe be different from someone else. This is not necessarily because I know more or less than someone else does but I might have a different perception of the cats than someone else does. Sometimes people have a bad experience once and then use that experience to block out any other knowledge. No matter how irrational that may be, people can convince themselves that because they had a bad experience, it means all cats are bad. When this happens, people can forget to look at all the ways of knowing something. They could stop believing in their religion or deny scientifically proven facts. In this regard we choose what our knowledge is, even if there is more information that could be considered. It also works in the opposite direction. People could choose to be completely scientific about cats and block out any knowledge having to do with emotion or experiences having to do with cats. Either of these ways of thinking changes what people think they know but it also shows how by talking to someone about cats does not necessarily give you facts about cats. It only gives you the perception of cats from the other person. Unfortunately, most information about cats comes from either something people have written or from inside someone’s head. Therefor it is up to us to decide what we believe to be knowledge and what to be opinion.

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Essay

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Socialist State - Essay Example In this case, he advocated for the introduction of market reforms though the future of these plans had already sparked a lot of negative signs prior to its introduction. From a closer scrutiny of the Xiaoping’s approach to the entire situation, it can be argued that he was not well motivated to steer the entire program to its completion. However, it is important to note that the leader was much more concerned with making the process work despite the negatives. Deng Xiaoping justified the introduction of capitalism into a socialist state by virtue that the peasants had spent a great deal of their time saving the amounts of produce produced to themselves as opposed to selling them to the free market. In the opinion of Deng Xiaoping, the entire would be better off if they handled both the profits and losses from their businesses. If collective responsibility would be adopted in the society, Deng Xiaoping believed that the entire country would be more productive for the reason tha t all persons would be careful not to incur any form of losses, as compared to shared profits and losses. The same case would apply for the industrial sector; in that if the factories incurred losses, they would find their own way of dealing with the blunders made. In this view point, Xiaoping’s need to come up with policies of capitalism in this socialist state was to awaken the aura of responsibility among its citizens. On another point of view, Xiaoping aimed at creating a conducive environment for the investors to come into the country. Though a lot of profits went to hands of a few persons, Xiaoping was contented with the fact that the country was undergoing a form of awakening from the fact that profits and losses were not collectively shared, but all investors whether the rich and the poor had to make all initiatives to deal with the current tough economic drawback. In turn, the society resulted into a mass of hardworking persons, all with the aim of pulling their own efforts together for their success. It can debatably be indicated that the validation of the overture of capitalism into a socialist China regime can be accredited to the fact that Xiaoping was looking for a lifelong resolution to the depression that was being experienced in the country. Xiaoping was certainly setting a ground for capitalism roots, through the move faced a lot of critics. In my standpoint, I am of the outlook that this aspect has a lot to contribute to the transition of the country from free enterprise to socialism. The prospects of privatization, in his opinion would create a new aura in the citizens who would be keen in all endeavors they make in terms of economic developments and investors. It cannot be ignored that the leader was not bound to stop at anything, an explanation of the fact that he named his policy, socialist market economy, which clearly was inclusive of capitalist policies despite the title. In your opinion, to what extent had these pro-market app roaches affected CCP's capacity to control the Chinese society? In an attempt to deal with all these changes that were taking place in the country, CCP's capacity to

Canadian Aboriginal Residential Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Canadian Aboriginal Residential Schools - Essay Example While the effort might have been successful in mitigating native cultural attachment, it has been found out that many residential school students were subjected to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Brasfield (2001) claims that many former residential school students experience a similar form of condition as post-traumatic stress disorder, which he calls residential school syndrome. The Canadian government has set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission that aims at compensating for any abuse they have gone through. However, a greater concern is the implication of residential schools on the current generation of aboriginal Indians whose parents or grandparents have been former residential school students. This paper will explore the impact of residential schools on the current generation of aboriginal Indians in terms of education, income, job opportunities, health services, and child care facilities.Beaulne-Stuebing (2013) cites the findings of a report produced by the Canadian Human rights Commission which points out that there still exists a great well-being divide between aboriginal natives and the non-aboriginals of Canada. The statistical figures take a look at Metis and Inuit Indians and demonstrate marked inequalities between native aboriginals and non-aboriginals. In fact, the social inequality between the two groups is the most significant artifact of colonialism with aboriginals being one of the poorest ethnic groups of Canada (Wilson and MacDonald, 2010).

Worthly Goal Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worthly Goal Scholarship - Essay Example In fact, children and adults of our family would be eager to receive second helpings of the various dishes prepared by my grandmother. This is a great legacy and it is my heartfelt desire to continue the tradition established so painstakingly by her. Gradually, I also began the highly enjoyable activity of cooking. This has provided me with immense pleasure, and my greatest reward are the beaming faces that I see at the table, where samples of my cooking are being served. In high school, I took home economics. This came to me naturally, and I truly enjoyed this course. Cooking requires patience, attention to detail, concentration on the job on hand, and a true love for the persons for whom you are cooking. I garnered this knowledge about obtaining expertise in cooking from several redoubtable cooks, and also from my grandmother, who was perhaps the best culinary expert that I have encountered. Furthermore, I was exposed at an early age to the suffering of the sick. This great trait I inherited from my mother who is a dedicated and knowledgeable nurse. She has expressed her love for providing care, and for helping and healing the infirm. Another factor that developed a strong urge in me to take up nursing was the care that I had the opportunity to provide to a person afflicted with AIDS. This activity lasted 16 years and has made me a staunch believer in the nobility of the nursing profession. As stated by me with regard to cooking, I detest any activity that causes injury or grief to others. Now, cooking, when done properly and with love, provides immense pleasure to those who partake of it. Moreover, nursing also has such features. A sincere, knowledgeable, experienced, skilled and kind hearted nurse can make her patients very happy. Thus, even the terminally ill will smile when they see such a nurse. This is truly awe inspiring and verges on the miraculous. It is my intention to become such a nurse,

The Toys and Games Industrys Response to Globalazation Essay - 1

The Toys and Games Industrys Response to Globalazation - Essay Example The strategies used by this industry to effect globalization include a comprehensive marketing and online-selling of its products. This aspect enables the company to access many customers from diverse backgrounds of culture, race, beliefs and religion. According to Baker (2011, 82), the industry’s products and services get an international recognition and much revenue. Moreover, the management in the Toys and Games industry has learnt new management strategies through the recent access to large volumes of data. The access to volumes of data is a recent occurrence, which has greatly globalized many aspects of business (Butler, 2008, 41). For instance, the access to bid data has enabled the Toys and Games industry to gather crucial information with regard to global performance trends in various sectors and product lines. Mayer (2013, 46) asserts that new methods of product differentiation and diversification have been learnt after the acquisition of bid sets of data from a globa l platform. The big information has culminated in the restructuring of organizational structure for efficiency and effectiveness in the Toys and Games industry operations. According to Cerra (2012, 34), the big data have led to the realization of new ways of achieving global customer satisfaction, continuous improvement and total quality management within the Toys and Games industry. These principles are critical in the thriving of the industry. In the case of transportation of commodities, there is the use of sensors on trucks in order to streamline the delivery of goods through shipping. This contains the problem of stock-out cost and machine overhaul cost. The massive data have also helped the manufactures in tracking the trend of customer preference and taste (Gill, 2010, 56).

Ethical and Unethical Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical and Unethical Decision Making - Essay Example The given case includes an ethical dilemma which will be thoroughly analyzed using the relevant theories of ethics. It will mainly involve the employee’s duty to the employer. Stakeholders in this case study include Zach Micheals who is a graphic designer; Altiora University where Zach studied; XJ7 Studio where Zach did his internship and worked on a major project; Tangent where Zach works after completing the degree and The Charleston Technical University, for which Zach creates a web portal using his previous work. In the given case, the ethical dilemma arises when Zach Micheals is asked by his boss to work on a new project using the files of his earlier work for Altiora University. The files were unlawfully stored by Zach when he was working on this project, but his intentions were only to keep backups for safe-keeping. Moving the project files outside the company was unlawful as it was against one clause of the signed agreement. After passing out from the Altiora University, he receives a job in Tangent Studio, a rival of XJ7 Studio, where Zach completed his internship. Zach uses his previous work and modifies it for Charleston University web portal. In other words, he unethically and unlawfully uses the intellectual property of someone else without taking any permission from the real owner. Zach may not be considered ethically wrong when he created backups of the project since his intentions were good, but later, when he uses this for Charleston University web portal, it was not only unethic al and an unlawful act. This is called â€Å"computer theft†. According to Manuel Valasquez, â€Å"to convert company resources to the employee’s own use are forms of theft because to do either is to take or use property that belongs to another (the employer) without the consent of its rightful owner† (Velasquez, 2006).

Implementing Computer Technology in Secondary Schools Essay Example for Free

Implementing Computer Technology in Secondary Schools Essay In 1999, The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) conducted a study on pedagogical practices of teachers and students of elementary and secondary schools in 30 nations, and the role of technology the said practices (â€Å"The Second Information Technology in Education Study: Module 2†, n. d. ). It was found out that as of 1999, 12% of elementary students and 3% of those in intermediate and secondary schools do not have Internet access in their schools (â€Å"Computer Technology in Schools†, 1999). Such number would considerably be large still, if the period when the benefits of the application of computer technology in education was implied, is taken into account. Computer technology for the use of students in schools started out as computer laboratories (Lynch, 2000), which until now, is continuously evolving to becoming a tool for learning. That the integration of computer technology in schools is still on process, suggests that although its advantages have been persistently advocated, there are also powerful sociocultural and developmental forces that oppose its progression. According to Meredyth, et. al. , (1999), the status quo in the mode of instruction slows the efforts to integrate computer technology in secondary schools. At first, the people who were against the implementation of computer technology in schools argue that this would result in the replacement human instructors and making them obsolete (Richmond, n. d). As it becomes clear that the this would not necessarily become so, that is, there would only be an evolution of role from plain instructor to facilitator, the problem with the implementation now centers on the lack of physical resources (Richmond, n. d. ) and the instructors’ lack of training (Lynch, 2000). This implies that the role of computer technology in the education of secondary students per se is not, today, the major consideration in its application and the need for a clear definition of its role is necessary to speed up decisions on whether there is really a necessity for the addition or retention of the number of computer hardware in schools, or should there be in need of compulsory technical training for instructors. According to Richmond (n. d.), there are two major problems in the implementation of computer technology in education: (1) the goals and purposes of implementation are unclear; (2) the implementors do not fully understand the changes necessary for the implementation of technology in education. These problems must be addressed first if success is wanted. Although both are important aspects of the implementation, this paper will focus in defining the goal, purposes or role of computer technology in student achievement at the secondary school level. To understand this critical role, it is very important to know first the basics about some theories of learning and its current application to education technology. The theory of Cognitive Constructivism states that learning happens through the learners’ active efforts to assimilation new information imposed either by the instructor or by self-discovey (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). This means that learners must be able to relate what they learn to their experiences or experience the learning itself to be able to fully understand it. One example of this is driving. In order to learn to drive a vehicle, one must not only know that vehicles are powered by gasoline, controlled using a steering wheel, has a gas pedal to move forward or backward and a break pedal to make it stop. He or she has to experience driving to know and fully understand the significance of each theory he or she is made to know. And this experience is very important if he or she is to make life-or-death decisions once he or she takes the road. Computer technology, when related to learning may be applied in a similar way, by providing a means to simulate reality to give the students a feel of what may or may not happen as a result of their decisions. Such is the function of simulations: to instill in learners goals which are similar to reality and resultant feelings that are similar to what may happen in real life because of the as a result of the decisions imposed by the program. A lot of simulation programs have now been developed for different purposes. Sim City provides the learner-gamer an experience of building a city and a feel of becoming a Mayor. The learner-gamer is subconsciously taught of the importance of planning and how each decision might give a positive effect (here, in the form of increase in the city’s revenue) or negative (in the form of rallies and decrease in the city’s revenue). Business simulations provide learners with vicarious experience of actually owning and handling investments without the need of using or losing real money. Design programs provide the learner-designer with an idea or view of the possible perspectives or outcome of each design in mind and an opportunity to manipulate or change it according to his or her desires even before actual realization of the design. There are also simulations in many different subjects like biology physics and chemistry, which can provide the learner with the opportunity to visualize the theories and manipulate situations and then see the results as would happen if the theories are applied. Simulations have been used for decades by the aviation and military industry and just until recently, the costs of simulations have prevented smaller institutions to avail its benefits (Boehle, n. d. ). Although, still not cheap, mass production, added to the said drastic improvement in learning retention rates (Boehle, n. d. ), simulations provide a very efficient tool for learning. There is a 75-80% boost in learning retention rate for students in simulations (Boehle, n. d. ) Social Constructivism believes that knowledge is socially constructed, that is, retention of information is achieved through group efforts (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). † This is learning with others and through others’ input and ideas conjoined with one’s own. This theory emphasizes the importance of other’s opinion usually for the purpose of the improvement of the said work. Applied to computer technology in its role in secondary education, this allows for interaction among many different people, not limited to those in classroom but also stretches to people in different time zones. This allows for assimilation of new and varied ideas from different people from different places who usually have different ideas about different issues, strengthening ones reasoning and improving one’s knowledge about many different areas and at the same time improving one’s social skill. The most usual form of technology which applies the Social Constructivism theory is forums. A lot of forums can be found in the internet, all areas of knowledge with its own: arts, sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. The Theory of Behaviorism believes that knowledge is a â€Å"repertoire of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). † According to this theory, learning happens through repetition and reinforcement, usually with the instructor speaking and the learner, listening. This learning theory is opposite of Cognitive Constructivism in that learners gain knowledge passively. This is the most common type of instructional mode used in schools. Still, this instructional mode can also be applied to computer technology. Tutorials in cd’s are now widely available in the market. These products simulate what and how teachers teach in an actual class, explaining concepts with voice recordings combined with moving pictures for visualization. It also comes with practice exercises much like what teachers would give to their students to evaluate the student’s learning. The only difference is that, these products can be used by the student alone, even at home.